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Litho€raphed & Printed 7 by C.J.Culliford 1854. &
G. FERGUSON, BEAUFORT LIBRARY, KINGS BR CHELSEA,
&.J, CULLIFORD, 22, 56UTMAMPTON St STRAND.
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Cambridge University Library,
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DEDICATED
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TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
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BY
HIS OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT,
GEORGE FERGUSON.
JULY 1ST, 1854.
PREFACE.
Durine the few months that the first half of this volume has
been before the public, it has obtained the approval of an influ-
ential body of the community, the sanction of the most eminent
poultry amateurs, and the continued eulogy of the press.
Nevertheless, to offer a work like the present, in which the .
natural and domestic history of poultry is amply discussed,
their peculiar varieties clearly pointed out, the causes of those
varieties carefully investigated, together with their requirements
in health, and the preventive means to be adopted in cases of
disease, and in which are recognised those laws of propagation
which are calculated to minister as much to national utility as
to the delight of the amateur, to offer a work, embracing such a
variety of topics, as exempt from every vestige of error would,
indeed, be presumptuous. Neither should the merits of a work
be estimated by the number of its inaccuracies, but rather by
the intrinsic value of its truths. A volume presenting the
public with a mere reprint of truisms and known facts would be
but useless though, doubtless, truthful in itself; but if channels
be cut in unexplored regions, the line though not so truly
straight is nevertheless the inducer of far more beneficial
effects. We confess to having mentioned much that has been
already recorded, but this work would be incomplete were the
rudiments of the subject upon which it enlarges omitted from
its pages. To the critic who may endeavour to undermine
truth by exposing its weakest points as representatives of the
A
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i
iv. PREFACE.
whole, we would say—in so large a field for discussion as this
subject opens, we have dealt with some important facts at con-
siderable length—criticise them; but had we dwelt upon every
topic in detail, voluminous rather than popular would have
been our reports. Nevertheless, our judgment, the result of
serious deliberation, has been pronounced upon all points upon
which our most eminent breeders are at issue. So we trust
“the modest hints” will remain unmolested, unless facts, as
proofs to the contrary, be produced, or they be found to violate
rational consistency. For, be it remembered, although many
things might be said to exhibit their weakness, still equally
numerous might be the responses in their favour.
Without endeavouring to discover the primitive originals for
every class of the extant race ( Galli), or condensing the whole
to a unity, by ascribing to one primeval pair rights to progeni-
torship in tote, we have taken a somewhat medium view, and
regarded the principal classes only as distinct from one another,
and the varieties as but offshoots. Colour, indeed, isin no way
indicative of origin or class, it is the effect of external exposures;
but not so, such peculiar markings as the Hamburgh’s feathery
coat presents, they could never have been perpetuated by the
agency of accidental climatic influences. We do not refer to
depths of hue or light shadows, but to the uniform and clearly
defined pencillings which are distinct from the general ground
(see page 282). Moreover the differences of form and cha-
racter of birds we insist to be the grand distinction between
classes, and to whatever temperature they be exposed they will
ever retain them unless admixed with foreign blood. There are,
doubtless, several varieties in the east with which we are at
present unacquainted, but we confess that mongrels of various
combinations will ever and anon be produced and regarded as
distinct until their issue shall exhibit their heterogeneousness.
At pages 200 to 206 we have endeavoured to prove the
impossibility of establishing a permanent family from the
admixture of the pheasant with the domestic fowl. We trust
: c ee, Sra
PREFACE. Vv.
enough has been said to show that they were never allied,
seeing that inter-breeding in the end is unfruitful, but let us
not in our enthusiasm allow this fact to indicate too much.
Although it proves that if the offspring of two specimens be
unable to sustain a race, that such two are distinct from each
other, and therefore of different origin, still it does not follow
that all birds which are able to establish a race when bred
inter se sprang from an identity of blood, but merely that they
are of one species. The race of fowl (Galli) is, therefore,
analogous to that of the dog in this respect. Surely no student
of nature in the present day would advance it as his firm belief —
that the Spaniel, the Terrier, and the Newfoundland dog, sprang
from one primitive pair, merely because they are found capable
of breeding inter sese. Naturalists usually endeavour to get
over the difficulty by such presumption, but it is none the
more true because most convenient. As far as the vegetable
kingdom is concerned we cannot regard it in any way analogous
to that of the fowl. The botanist informs us that variety is
produced by the means of grafting and slipping, also by suckers,
&e.—which are not adapted to the propagation of fowls—
that among plants of one size are found not only many that
differ from one another, but some that are quite distinct. Now
this is all we claim for poultry; we argue that the main classes
were originally distinct, but allow that some extant races are
but the effects of time and circumstances, and that many have
been heterogeneously produced (see pages 167 to 169, 191, and
290 to 292). Mr. Richardson after tracing the genealogies of
the several varieties of the wild hog, assigns them all to one
common race; but, when treating upon poultry, he is compelled
to claim on their behalf several distinct primary progenitors.
The wild theory that the extant classes are derived from
one pair, and that chance consummated the rest, can no
longer be seriously advanced by the practical student, but
merely by such as possess great credulity in the place of expe- “-
rience. The fact that poultry have until lately received but
vi. PREFACE.
little attention at the hands of the fancier, and been entirely
confined to the domain of the producer for the market, would
alone suggest the improbability of that constant and unremitting
attention having been observed in breeding, which is requisite
to the consummating in the offspring of any two birds, trans-
mitable forms and appearances not exhibited by the parents ;
not to speak of the great watchfulness required in eradicating
features manifest in both, and the implantation of forms and
peculiarities inherent in neither, and which must have taken
place were fowls confined to one pair for their original proge-
nitors. Instead of which, wherever our researches have lead
us, from the east to the west, we have discovered no pretension
whatever on the part of the keepers of poultry to regard
the appearance of their birds as deserving of note, neither to
consider the peculiar colour of their plumes as recommendatory
or otherwise save as auxiliary indicators of constitutional vigour,
productive powers, or quality of flesh.
The primary originals deserving of regard are the Gallus
Furcatus, or Forked-tail Jungle Cock—and the Gallus Aineus,
or Bronze Jungle Fowl, but more especially the four following:
—The Bengal Jungle which is represented as being of black-red
plumage, but we consider it differs in no other material point
from Gallus Sonneratii, another variety of jungle fowl, and a
native of Hindostan, which we regard as the founder of the
Game class (see page 220). The Gallus Bankiva from Java
closely approximates the shape and peculiar features of the
Bantam tribe, and unquestionably must be regarded the proge-
nitor of that race (see page 292), whilst the Gallus Giganteus
or Kulm Fowl] is a native of the peninsula of Malay, and much
resembles the Malay in shape, size, and general characteristics
(see page 183).
Thus we regard the Game Fowl as being descended from
Gallus Sonneratii, the Bantam from Gallus Bankiva, and the
Malay from Gallus Giganteus ; but after all our researches we
are unable satisfactorily to trace the Poland further than to the
PREFACE. Vil.
Paduan or Patavinian, or the Hamburgh to the Gallina Turcica
of Aldrovandi.
We do not imagine ourselves competent to pronounce decisive
judgment upon matters which many eminent naturalists have
carefully avoided, but we do flatter ourselves that our greatest
endeavours have been to become available to as great an extent
as possible upon all subjects connected with our work, and to
realize that amount of confidence which a discerning public is
ever ready to bestow where merit is inherent.
We have carefully traced the respective origins of the several
classes, discussed the right by which some have become nomin-
ated, and re-nominated others—dismissed many collateral breeds
from the distinction of classes and assigned to them their more
appropriate positions as sub-classes, whilst we have enumerated
and described the many varieties of each class—thus rendering the
plan as concise as consistency would allow or our faculties suggest.
We have given their comparative intrinsic value as fancy or
farm stock, laid down just principles of propagation and plain
directions respecting particulars necessary to be observed in
breeding, rearing, and sustaining them in full vigour, with
exceptional expedients applicable in cases of emergency—
pointed out in detail defects to be avoided, features and pro-
perties to be aimed at—carefully treated upon the evil effects of
breeding in and in, and the beneficial influences arising from
judicious admixture—dilated upon the internal structure of the
physical frame, the means to be observed in the prevention of
diseases in general, and the most efficacious remedial measures to
be resorted to in peculiar distempers, together with a succint
physiological and pathological view of those maladies—whilst we
have endeavoured to avoid as much as possible entering into
ptolix anatomical discussions or the use of technical terms. In
all which we have respected the opinions of others, not, however,
without a careful separation of truth from error, and a minute
examination as to their respective merits as far as personal
vill. PREFACE.
experience and friendly corroboration have enabled us to
analyze them.
The illustrations representing the eggs of the several classes
are not supposed to be in exact conformity with the eggs pro-
duced by all the varieties of those classes, but merely fair
estimates of the size and shape of those laid by the entire class
to which they refer—thus, a better representation of facts is
afforded than could be given by the bare mention of weights,
which, however, have not been omitted. In describing plans
for poultry-houses, and feeding compartments for the juveniles
of the yard, we have left ornamental operations to be executed
as taste might suggest or purse allow, our attention being
wholly absorbed upon registering the actual requirements of
the fowl in those departments.
The study, no less than the practical rearing of poultry, until
the last twenty or thirty years, was deemed any. other than
a worthy pursuit, and only within the last few years has
improvement to any extent been effected in this section of
the farmer’s stock. It has at length become a fashionable
pastime, and many influential farmers begin to discover its real
importance. The publicity given to the subject by our metro-
politan and provincial exhibitions, and the stimulus which it
has received by the interest taken in it by many distinguished
gentlemen and devoted philanthropists, have already greatly
extended the British poultry possessions, and we doubt not will
ultimately produce the desired effect.
In the primitive ages to supply the common exigencies of
nature was the grand consideration, but when civilization and
refinement assumed a meritorious aspect, requisites of a higher
class became simultaneously experienced. The muddy hut was
exchanged for the spacious and ornamental mansion, and the
hairy garb for more ingeniously devised fabrics. Progressive
strides at length revealed the charm of nature, in the form of
poultry elegance and beauty, and now they become domiciled
PREFACE. ee
not merely for the satisfaction of the requisites of the corporeal
frame, but as mirrors of nature’s wondrous works.
But, in conclusion, we must repeat the grand object of this
work is to place within the limits of the general public the
advantages resulting from the possession of a genuine, well
authenticated and standard volume, comprising not only the
author’s own experience, but the opinions and suggestions of
others reduced from theoretical to practical matter; and further
to illustrate, with correct and richly executed portraits, the
choicest specimens procurable throughout the British empire.
Thus affording ample knowledge for following successfully an
occupation bestowing upon the public great advantages, and
invariably eliciting the admiration of private friends, whilst
gratifying the amateurs and breeders themselves, who in this
delightful study find a healthy and highly interesting recreation.
Taking advantage of the present favourable opportunity afforded
by the vast amount of interest excited by the novelty of appear-
ance in one kind of fowl, we hope, whilst administering to the
curiosity of the world, to awaken in the public mind the benefits
derivable from the. bestowment of greater attention to the
breeding and management of poultry for economical purposes.
Why Great Britain so long continues to import such immense
supplies of eggs, the produce of foreign parts, cannot be satis-
factorily arrived at, unless it be in the fact that the advantages
resulting from this branch of industrial pursuit are here over-
looked; surely this will not long remain the cause, seeing as
producers of all other stock of larger growth, as sheep and
—eattle, we are unequalled, unrivalled, and alone; we trust,
therefore, the propensity of the British breeder will be soon
displayed in his efforts at perfection, and the prosperity of this
branch of the national economy of Great Britain be as equally
apparent in her smaller demand for those foreign supplies
which she is so well able, by good management, to provide
herself, as in those superior specimens which have been of late
so frequently recognised at our exhibitions. —
PREFACE.
At the present time we are in a measure dependant upon the
great continent for our supplies of poultry, which there is no
law of nature to require; our soil and climate are as congenial
as any other to the health of fowl of every kind; in Ireland
large numbers of turkeys have been raised, and a profitable
return can be shown, were persons to make that occupation
more their study. We trust a taste is awakening among the
wealthy landowners in England to encourage poultry breeding
to a greater extent than hitherto. For whilst extending the
domain of poultry in general they will be adding to the comforts
of the cottager, by increasing the supply of an article as nutri-
tious as it is dainty, as wholesome as it is luxurious, and which,
we trust, will become as common to the common people, as
abundant to the whole community, as it is at present common
to none. To assist in that good work is the object of
the present undertaking.
BeavuFort LipRAry,
King’s Road, Chelsea.
ORIGIN
OF
DOMESTIC POULTRY.
DoMESTIC poultry are divided into three distinct orders of
the class aves, viz.: the rasorial or gallinaceous, the colum-
bine or gyratorial, and the natatorial or swimming order.
Cock and Hen (Phasianus Gallus, Lath.) or birds of the
Pheasant genus.
The Rasgorial are considered analogous to the Ruminantia
or ruminating animals, being equally susceptible of thriv-
ing in a domesticated state.
All such birds as are terrestrial in their habits, found
either roosting or perching upon trees, reposing or scratch-
ing upon-the ground for food, or have imperfect powers of
flight and stationary in their habits, are included in the
order Rasorial.
The distinguishing features of the genus Gallus are—
Bill—short, stout, and naked at the base, convex above, and
hooked at the tip, the upper recurving over the lower, from
which is suspended two compressed double Wattles, or
caruncles of an oval shape (more diminutive in the hen, but
of which the wild hen is deficient), are of the same colour
and material as the Comb or Crest that surmounts the
skull, and which is of a firm fleshy membraneous texture
and of a bright vermillion colour, flat at its side but serrated
on its edge—Far-lobes of a slighter texture and inclined to
a whitish cast (in a line with the mouth).
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Ear protected by fine, close, and short feathers.
Tarsi, or lowest part of the shank, in the male supplied
with a sharp recurved horny substance which increases in
length, with age.
Legs and feet covered with scales.
Neck-hackle increases in length as it approaches the lower
part of the neck, and waves over the pinions of the wings
and back.
Wings short, convex, and graduated, fitting closely to
their sides—not extending over root of tail but dropping
below it.
Tail furnished with fourteen quill feathers, seven on
each side, forming two opposite planes—two uppermost
feathers meet and form a sharp angle, which is extended
by the lower until some few inches separate one plane
from the other, the two uppermost included in the fourteen,
termed “ streamers” are the longest, well arched, and ex-
tend some distance over the rest in the shape of a bow.
Many ages have elapsed since the tribe in question was
first reduced by captivity to domestication, so far distant
the period that all researches beyond a certain time, insti-
tuted as may be with the utmost ardour and enthusiasm,
have alike resulted in the same amount of discouragement
and ill success.
Travellers inform us the jungles of India still claim
tenants of this order, and to that country we are to look
for the original stock; such however, we think, should
be regarded as assertion only and but the result of studied
plausibilities founded upon possibilities.
Their presence, existence in a wild state in any locality,
goes no further than to prove the adaptation of that spot
to the furtherance of the instinctive desire of the fowl to
evade man’s envious and insatiable requirements—and such
ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC POULTRY. 3
being the case they still remain comparatively secluded and
. tenants of the retired spot—but it does not follow they
| being thus found—that from thence alone they sprang.
Although such may have been their native place, still no
proof exists in that fact alone sufficient to justify the idea
that such was their original native place.
The prevailing supposition is the ancestors of domestic
poultry were natives of Asia, although other travellers
have spoken of the presence of wild fowls in the interior of _
South America.
Gernell Carreri asserts the ancient Mexicans reduced '
great quantities to domestication for their habitual require-
ments in the shape of both eggs and flesh. Volumnious
are the various travellers’ reports respecting the discoveries
of certain fowls bearing more or less resemblance to our
domestic varieties; but with all we have heard, read, or
i seen, nothing definite can be arrived at sufficient to justify
4 contention respecting the maintenance of any one opinion.
: Next follows the question which or how many of our
Eee varieties of poultry can claim hereditary rights to a direct
descent from the original and primitive order ?
In the forests of Guinea fowls have been discovered,
though much smaller than our own, still bearing consider-
able resemblance. It has been asserted that, previous to
the settlement of the Spaniards in South America, fowls
were abroad in a wild state, and that upon their arrival
they discovered such to be the case when subsequent do-
mestication ensued.
A LT sr i an rr epee rs
Capt. Stedman has observed that a peculiar variety
having ruffled feathers was domesticated in Dutch Guinea,
M. Sonnarat was of opinion the jungle cock of India
was the origin and primitive class from whence every
variety now domesticated have sprung; he procured several
4 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
pairs of specimens, and which he considered displayed cha-
racteristics sufficient for the ground work of every peculiar
feature to be met with, when subjected to domestication,
peculiar climatic influences, variations of food, and breed-
ing. His procured specimens were in appearance nearly
one-third less than our (5 lbs.) common bred birds, and
measured 2 ft. 4 ins. from the extremities of bill and tail
feathers.
Colonel Sykes informs us these birds abound in the
woods of the Western Ghaunts.
Buffon also supposes them to be descended from the
jungle fowl, a native of India.
Whilst other naturalists have affirmed they can be
traced to the Capercailzie, or wild cock of the woods, for-
merly abounding in the northern parts of Scotland, but
now almost extinct in that country, but still to be found
in the northern parts of Europe. It would, therefore, be
but assumption to insist upon any one of these localities as
being the spot, or to name the variety that claims descent,
seeing assertions and appearances without authenticated
proofs form the only groundwork of supposition. Still,
where birds have been and still are found closely resem-
bling our stock, that locality we naturally regard as being
more probably the spot than where fowls are totally dis-
tinct in their appearances and characters, or where altoge-
ther unknown. From the jungles of India specimens
most resembling our own are to be found even now, in a
wild state, and possessing the same bearings, attitude, and
walk, and crowing in the same strain throughout the day
and at early morn. This locality, therefore, we necessarily
regard as being the probable (but not by any means con-
clusive) situation, and the clime and country of the
primitive variety. They have evidently existed in a do-
ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC POULTRY. 5
mesticated state through many ages past among refined or
semi-barbarous people, who, alike with the former, have
too clearly distinguished the intrinsic value of so useful a
provision to loose sight of an opportunity in such conformity
with their desires.
They have, however, passed through many stages before
being reduced to that entire domesticated submission for
which they are at present so notorious, and in which their
intrinsic value mainly depends; there is but little doubt
these birds were at the earliest period heavy upon the wing,
and possessed but partial power of flight, otherwise they
would have retained a greater portion of their primitive
character than now manifests itself; nevertheless, domes-
tication has rendered them doubly deficient in the power
and use of their wings—by feeding high, and thereby
producing weight—and by confinement, rendering them not
only entirely unfit for flight but reducing the hereditary
power of transmitting the use of the muscles of the wings
to the offspring. This is a sufficient cause alone to account
for the many visible alteration in the appearance and cha-
racteristics of the race, but other changes of even greater
unport having been effected. Who, then, can tell the
boundary of the peculiar and wonderful innovations of art
upon the external and even internal condition of the fowl ?
Sacred history has furnished us with an account of the
provisions of Solomon’s table, where fatted fowls are spoken
of, 1st Book of Kings, chap. iv., ver. 23 ; they are likewise
again alluded to, Nehemiah, chap. v., ver. 18 (B.C. 445).
“ Now there were at my table prepared for me daily one
ox and six sheep, also fatted fowls.”
It is also known they were kept by the ancient Greeks
and Romans, and to the latter people we are doubtless
indebted for the introduction of a “ certain variety” into
\
6 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
England. In the spectacles of the Greeks, and also of the
Romans, the cock occupied a conspicuous position ; medals
and coins of those people have been found with its effigy
engraved upon them. It was consecrated to Minerva and
Mercury by Polytheism ; also dedicated to Apollo, Mars,
and /lisculapius (the latter the god of medicine), and held
as sacred symbols. At every Roman banquet this bird
formed a highly esteemed dish, whilst poultry then as now
was fed and fattened up to great perfection; few were the
opportunities for sport, especially of a pugnacious character,
that an old Roman would neglect to seize, and as his darling
virtue valour, was discerned to be inherent in the cock ;
no wonder that it won so far the favour of the emperors
as to become one of the ministers to the imperial sports.
The most minute researches that the keenest hunter into
history can make have failed to elicit further information,
or approach more near the source and origin of the domestic
fowl.
HISTORY OF THE SHANGHAE. 7
THE SHANGHAE FOWL,
Commonly called Cochin- China.
HISTORY OF THE SHANGHAE.
THIs most gigantic of all domestic fowl is at length uni-
versally admitted to be a native of that part of the Celestial
Empire called Shanghae, but owing to the circumstance of
Cochin-China having been the place whence it was imported
into England first, the name of “ Cochin-China” has
attached itself to this species with a familiarity somewhat
improper it must be allowed. The patronymic “ Cochin-
China” will, undoubtedly, with the multitude retain the
preference it gained through an accidental event.
This addition to our varieties of poultry has been but
very lately introduced to us. The first specimens that
made their appearance in England came as presents to the
Queen, and her Majesty being desirous that they should
be naturalized, and propagated throughout the British Isles,
commanded that eggs should be dispersed among some few
of her subjects who would be most likely to assist in carry-
ing out her wishes. Since then the Shanghae has wonder-
fully increased its numbers, being comparatively well
known, and reared extensively by amateurs and breeders
of eminence.
Some splendid specimens from the royal stock were, at
the Dublin Cattle Show (April, 1846), for the first time
publicly exhibited. For their stupendous size, their shape,
the beauty of their plumage, and striking appearance, they
elicited abundant admiration, and were subsequently
8 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
presented to Lord Heytesbury, then lord lieutenant of
Ireland.
The specimens our breeders first exhibited differed con-
siderably in some particulars from those which gain prizes
in the present day. They were then furnished with a more
abundant tail, in many instances the hinder parts were
more diminutive, the thigh jomts somewhat smaller, and
finally they did not then attain so great a growth as now.
A superficial view will seldom, if it ever did, lead to a
just appreciation of the Shanghae fowl’s form. Their mas-
sive body, short heavy wing, the deep contraction under-
neath their crop, the feathers growing down their leg even
to the very toes—and more preferred where most the
feather grows—form striking contrasts to our English
fowls. Strong contrasts, great abruptness, in some points
violations of our European laws of symmetry, in others
strict adhesion to them—indeed a general orientalism of
style throughout, is the distinguishing characteristic of the
Shanghae. ,
Their heavy-clad and clumsy-jointed thighs give them a
most ungainly gait; but yet in certain attitudes, as may be
seen on reference to the illustrations, their noble frontal
outline, from the erect and brilliant comb down to the
feathery toe, the full mild eye, the proud and graceful
arching of its finely curving neck, the gay appendages
which amply hang suspended from the well-balanced and
handsome head, and richly ornament the throat, the hackle
opening gently to display the full advancing breast, the
short but decorated leg, the outspread foot—all these com-
bined present a beautiful and most imposing front.
As already has been observed, a superficial observation
of the Shanghae’s peculiarities of form will generally lead
to most unfavourable impressions respecting the figure of
ee ‘4
* ~
HISTORY OF THE SHANGHAE. 9 ae
this fowl. As the most exquisite chords and most harmo-
nious tones of music require the educated ear to catch, so
to appreciate the points and excellencies of this peculiar
» bird demands a cultivated and discerning taste, an unpre-
judiced attention to the harmony of parts, proportion,
colour, and the climatic influences prevailing where the
original stock first sprang. — .
To found a judgment relative to the pretensions of the
Shanghae to beauty upon such specimens as occasionally
meet the eye about our public thoroughfares—fowls turned
adrift by economic owners to pick up their living where
they may—is just as reasonable as though fastidious fo-
reigners formed their conclusions and opinion on the Saxon
race in general by studying a London scavenger’s form
and style. If you would ascertain to what height of beauty -
Shanghaes axe raised by a judicious course of management
—by scientific breeding—seek for an opportunity to view
the flocks. of Shanghaes reared by our eminent breeders ;
and if you cannot accomplish that, avail yourselves of the
advantages which our poultry-shows present, though in
such exhibitions the eye is much more likely to be caught
and carried captive by the brilliant multi-coloured plumage
of the familiar and more gaily decorated birds.
Notwithstanding these disadvantageous contrasts, high
well-bred Shanghaes will, to an observant eye, well bear
} comparison with fowls in greatest favour and repute for
| It eracefulness of carriage, beauty of feather, handsomeness
¥ of form, and the perfection of their characteristic points,
although it is quite true their gracefulness of bearing,
beauty of plumage, fineness of form, the characteristics
so peculiarly their own, are perfectly unique ; a most con-
~ clusive reason is therein presented, why we should judge
them by such rules as correspond exactly with their own
differential points.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHANGHAR.
For the use of those who may not be familiar with the
terms bestowed upon the several component parts of the
external form of fowls in general, the following diagram is
Whe | \
\ y NW an’
t(/ t i rie NN ie i
Ris
j
5
/
/
wen
=
Ss
SE af
EXPLANATION,
e, Neck-hackle or Cape- h, Thigh.
b, Ear, feathers. 7, Shank.
ce, Ear- lobe. FJ, Saddle-hackle. k, Pinion.
d, Wattles or Gills. 9, Stern. l, Wing.
a, Comb.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHANGHAE. 11
: added, the reference letters upon which will be as keys to
the solution of such points, as every reader may not be
acquainted with.
To persons who are unacquainted with the attributes
which first-rate birds of this class should possess, and con-
sequently are wanting in sound judgment to decide upon
the qualities essentially necessary to the composition of a
valuable Shanghae, I would emphatically recommend a
visit to some dealer of acknowledged probity. From such
an one procure a pair of thoroughly valuable fowls, and -
though they cost double—nay, treble—the sum for which
inferior birds may be obtained, let it be taken into consi-
deration that such pair are destined to become the founders
of a line—the ancestors of a race which may be multiplied
to infinity ; and when all their numerous progeny possess
accumulative value in themselves—which certainly they
will if the stock be good, and subsequently well sustained
by intermediate importations of good blood—who then can
fix the point of value on the gold that purchased birds whence
sprang a colony of Shanghaes of the choicest breed? Some
five years hence look back and count the value of the stock
reared from the first fine pair, and you will then acknow-
ledge that the investment of an extra pound or two has
yielded an enormous rate of interest. But, ere I leave
you in the breeder’s hands, let me propound such clear
descriptive rules for guidance in selecting worthy fowl,
dwelling minutely upon shape, colour, and indeed, one very
A point which can inform the tyro, interest the general
t reader, and corroborate the opinions of our amateurs and
breeders of the highest rank.
On points of colour fanciers are very various, and indi-
vidual tastes may be indulged in at discretion. Good
birds like good horses are always of a good colour, save
when the highest prizes at our shows may be concerned ; let
12 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
but the following points and properties present themselves,
and colour holds a secondary place; be they but absent,
and not all the richest hues their feathers may develope
will avail to gain the bird a prize:—
The head of both cock and hen should be short and broad,
but neat and round, with a well arched forehead, producing
a bold and noble effect upon the visage.
Face of a lively vermillion, not coarse as in the generality
of the larger breeds, but of fine texture.
Comb in the cock should be single, erect, and straight,
without inclination to curl over or aside, moderately. ser-
rated, thick at the base, without excrescences or sprigs, of
fine grain and texture, and standing about 14 to 12 inch
high from the skull to the centre, and is of a clear bright
vermillion. The hen’s is single and of the same colour, but
much smaller, slightly toothed and remarkably neat and
straight, rising towards back, and standing from one-third
to half-an-inch from the skull to the highest point. We
have seen birds of first-rate appearance having slight sprigs
in one side of the comb—such, however, we disprove of,
but still acknowledge them to be rather the fruit of domes-
tication than a proof of foul breeding.
Wattles of the cock are broad and double and of the
same colour as face and ear-lobes, are loosely and evenly
suspended and of about two inches in length, and neatly
folded; in the hen they are very neat and small, and ofa
similar colour.
Ear-lobes are very full and folded, should betray no
trace of white; a mealy, rotten, or mouldy ear-lobe is de-
cidedly objectionable in either cock or hen; but clear
vermillion-coloured ear-lobes are proofs of breed, and a
distinguishing and peculiar feature to be met with but
seldom in any other variety.
. | CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHANGHAE. 13
Beak, in both cock and hen, should be of a decided yellow
or greenish tinge—the former very much enlivens the coun-
tenance and relieves the eye, must be short and strong,
f slightly curved and thick at the base, in fact, it cannot
be too short; a lengthy beak, as in the Malay, is a bad
sign, and every visible quality of good breeding is lowered
by such a connexion.
’ Eye is bright and prominent, but mild and not given to
blink. The iris corresponds in colour to the general ground
of the bird’s plumage, only more intense and deep, is full
of expression, calm but dignified. In the hen the expres-
sion is solicitous, maternal, and confiding, and so apparent
that one glance will suffice to enable the reader to corro-
borate this testimony.
Neck is stout but can scarcely be too short, is well
arched, presenting with the outline of the breast and back
a bold and dignified appearance, is full and thick towards
the base and deeply set.
Neck-hackle or cape feathers should be full and ample,
well trimmed and compact, and suspended over neck and
~ shoulders.
Breast should be full and deep, indicative of a sound and
robust constitution.
Back and shoulders, broad and muscular, the former
presenting to the eye a gently rising slope towards the tail.
Thighs short, stout, and firm, held well apart in due accord-
ance tothe breadth and weight of body they sustain, should be
fully and thickly covered with a mass of projecting feathers
even to the hock, and covering a portion with their tips.
Shanks should be short (long shanks being very objec-
tionable), thick, and straight in bone, and vary in colour
from a pale yellow to a vermillion yellow, with occasional
crimson markings at the back or where the scales are
14 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
absent; are both clean and feather-legged. Some of the
noblest and most perfect are clean and bare-shanked,
still, in my own estimation, Shanghaes should always
be well feathered—technically, booted down the leg.
Upon the paramount necessity of this a contrary opinion,
as I have hinted, is maintained by several eminent judges
of the Shanghae, therefore, the rule cannot be well consi-
dered as substantiated and as yet decided in its favour.
I will not, therefore, lay it down as absolute; nevertheless
I cannot refrain from rendering one reason for the con-
dition advanced, and which is engrafted upon the principle
of uniformity, a principle that, I contend, it is impossible
too far to carry out. A feature of the greatest prominence
about the species is peculiar and excessive featheriness.
Feathers should, therefore, “go the entire bird” literally
from head to foot. It is, however, of the utmost conse-
quence that the leg feathers differ not in colour from the
general hue prevailing over the entire form, else were the
shanks much better bare; the feathers should be apparent
down to the end of the toe on the outer side of the leg.
Toes—usually three in front and one behind upon each
foot, but in some of the finest imported specimens, the
additional hind claw may be found. Although a cross with
the Dorking frequently results in the fifth claw being
visible, still it does not follow that all birds having the fifth
claw are, therefore, thus produced, although many are.
We have ourselves imported birds direct from Hong Kong,
having a supernumerary toe, as in our well-known Dorking
breed, and can, therefore, vouch for the accuracy of this
statement. Whether four or five, they should be well
spread, and the centre one nearly double the others’ length.
Wings should be short, and of convex form, with the
pinions buried beneath the breast feathers, must closely fit the
ee se
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHANGHAE. : 15
sides, their feathery points hidden beneath a portion of the
saddle-hackle, which should be laden with a mass of feathers,
hanging like heavy foliage, fringing the thighs and stern.
Tail feathers short, and but the last inch or two, that
is, the tips only, exposed to view, being nearly covered
by the body and saddle-hackle feathers, which grow in pro-
fusion ; should have but just sufficient elevation to maintain
the upward line of the back, until the feathers droop, in
scimitar-shape curves, and should be well rooted in the
stern. ‘The feathers usually become more and more visible
as the bird advances in years. In all, there should be
fourteen quill feathers, seven on each side.
Stern should be densely covered with fluff, in a circular
form.
General feather—ample and full, all mealiness should be
avoided, and a broken appearance discarded.
Carriage of the cock, bold and dignified, with a self-con-
fidential attitude; although the body should possess a some-
what forward inclination, the head itself cannot be too
erect. This attitude in the hen is more apparent and
decided in its forward bend, consequently, the back and
hinder parts are more raised and elevated.
Gait or walk is sedate and measured, a step especially
taken by the Shanghae. Their gait and carriage irresistibly
conveys the idea of an easy motion, joined to a certain dig-
nity of bearing; whilst, from the point at which the heel
is lifted up, until they plant the foot again upon the ground,
so beautiful a circling curve is drawn that, really, they |
have a most graceful action as they march.
Do not, however, force them into flight, or you will
throw their dignity into a wofully waddling plight.
Size—A full grown cock weighs from 9 to 12 Ibs.
= hen 4 (tod os
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Colour will receive further consideration when under the
head of varieties. I consider the attributes of a Shanghae
should be considered by the following degrees :-—Firstly,
form; secondly, size; thirdly, featheriness; fourthly, colour.
That is to say, I would sacrifice a certain amount of weight
to form, featheriness to size, colour to featheriness: and
where the first three properties be perfect, it is a fourth
consideration whether the choice be black, buff, or par-
tridge-brown ; at the same time, it is of the utmost im-
portance that, whatever be the colour selected, it should be
of a decided and settled hue, and not a mixed feather,
Therefore, for justly distributing prizes for the proofs of
careful and select breeding in the production of noble spe-
cimens, the varieties should be divided into classes, and not
only so, but feather-legved birds should no more compete
with clean-shanked specimens, than blacks with whites or
browns—but feather-legged birds should be matched
against feather-legged, blacks against blacks, and whites
and browns against others of their own feather.
This is really necessary, seeing, although our “ judges ”
are usually impartial men, and endeavour to act worthily,
and with fairness, still they themselves entertain a pre-
ference for this or that colour, and decidedly prefer either
plain or feathered shanks; and the colour they themselves
delight in, imparts to the qualities of the bird a further
interest, and sets off to advantage its other merits, whilst
the other specimen, equally proportionate, but not so esti-
mable with regard to colour, which necessarily operates
upon the eye of the most impartial judge, in a greater or
less degree, constitutes an extreme difficulty, a protracted,
tedious, and unsatisfactory judgment, and which can only
be remedied by dividing the birds into classes, according to
their peculiar and visible characteristics.
S? SEP TAF CR a
TiwyarS wale
MY 2k Dt IL It Yat sy
2 a Bl Ay
’
progmg pod poy
sce,
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHANGHAE. 17
I moreover consider no full grown Shanghae should be
considered eligible for a first class prize under the fol-
lowing weight :— .
Two year old cock, 10 lbs., minimum weight.
” hen, St 5553 2
- Some authors have described the Shanghae as doubling
the wings upon its back in a most curious way. Among
. our stock we certainly have one that doubles up the wings
as they relate, but not another, even of the same stock and
hatch, betrays such a peculiarity. A skilful and well-
known veterinary surgeon has subjected it, in my presence,
to a long, careful examination, but could find, neither in
joint or muscle, any departure from the general conforma-
tion that might account for the manceuvre. I consider it
merely an upward tendency of the wing feathers, which,
in young birds, frequently curl the wrong way, and le
uneven. The wing of the Shanghae is always more or less
elevated by the stern, but in the peculiar specimen above
adverted to, the extreme tendency is perceptible.
Among the usual varieties, some are marked upon the
breast with touches of an inky shade, distributed in the
form of a new moon, or horse shoe. This must not be
accepted as a standard of their value, as many first class
birds possess no such marks. Some birds are firm in feather
(but not close), that is, possess feather of a silky and trans-
parent character, others, again, are rotten feathered. Seek
always to procure the former. Many fine looking birds
there are which, upon being handled, are discovered to be
half made up of feathers; others, again, which, on a super-
ficial observation, do not seem so large, when taken to the
scale, are heavier birds. These latter are fine and full in
feather, but well set, their coats appearing as though made
for them. Not that a large amount of feather constitutes
B
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a saaeupapeneennrsentanntareemntcs esomnnatn a ~— _— eS peaepairnen re an em Seen erat - =|
— : ee
18 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
a fault, quite on the contrary, only we would desire a cor-
responding fulness of flesh.
VARIETIES.
The plumage varies much in colour and in tint; there
are whites, grays, buffs, cinnamons, mottled, or cuckoos ;
black, brown, and partridge-breasted reds; duns, blacks,
and the Emu, or silky Shanghaes.
Whites are, when well feathered, and of good form, of
the greatest choice and beauty. There should appear no
trace of black, or pencillings, about the feathers of the
hackles, for their value lies in delicacy and purity ; neither
brownish casts or discolourations, so frequently observed,
and so surely a result of an admixture of blood of a darker
strain. The pure white variety is comparatively rare; few
perfect specimens are to be met with, a fact sufficiently
accounting for the enormous sums they have occasionally
realized. Large towns, possessing atmospheres surcharged
with smoke, are most unsuitable for the production of
white Shanghaes; but if you wish to show that whites are
really white, then seek to prove it underneath a country
sky, and on a good grass walk.
From a white cock and hen, imported in 1851, we bred
three cockerels; of these two were sent into the country,
the third forwarded to a friend at Bermondsey. This last
we the next season visited, and, to our great surprise, found
he had moulted dun—blue dun ; throughout the bird there
was not one white feather, save in the tail, and there they
were mixed, white and dun. This, although strange enough,
still scarcely seemed to justify its being considered as
merely a fact, and one which could not be accounted for,
nor did we feel disposed simply to consider that the feathers
had conspired together to play pranks upon our curiosity,
BR) 2QGiees AN We este eo) DO
JS JOS JQ AL ANA AY WY eh
SHANGHAE VARIETIES. 19
and see if they could leap at once from milky whiteness to
the dull tint which London smoke would ultimately colour
them. To solve the mystery, we took an opportunity to
give certain directions to our Chinese agent, who, on his
returning home to Shanghae, discovered, upon prosecuting
his inquiries of the breeder who had reared the fowls in
question, that the grandsire of the cock was bred from a
white cock and a dun hen ; 80 was the riddle rendered clear.
It may, with confidence, be accepted as an established truth,
connected with crossing colour, that differences of feather,
usually referred to chance, set down as purely accidental,
and considered unaccountable, are most invariably the mere
_ and consequent results of some such cross as that which we
have instanced.
Many white birds are produced by a cross with the white
Dorking, but such specimens are valueless as fancy stock ;
are, moreover, in nearly all cases, badly feathered down the
leg—present whitish and mealy ear-lobes, coarse face and
comb, and other indications too plainly indicating their
origin to pass off as pure. Still, when matched with pure
Shanghaes, and the produce likewise, these visible appear-
ances by degrees become less and less apparent in the off-
spring.
It is necessary to remark, so far from whites being, as
some affirm, but weak and sickly birds, they are, in my
opinion, quite as vigorous and strong as the most robust of
their compeers, with the exception of the brown and par-
tridge variety. And, in this belief, I am supported by a
numerous circle of ingenious correspondents. The fact,
indeed, must be admitted, that many of the white variety
kept throughout London are but weak and sickly birds,
dull in their plumage, and withering in their frames; but
when our correspondents were importuned on this point,
20 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the reason was at length elicited: the “ whites ”—unfortu-
nate wights !—are too conspicuous a bird to be allowed to
live in open and exposed localities and situations, where
they would be a mark for thieves, and fall a prey to their
rapacity ; SO, since the choice lies between the fowls and
breeders, which shall be victimized, and the first option
unquestionably fallmg on our human biped, as an imevi-
table consequence, the white-robed martyr 1s condemned.
to undergo confinement (often underground), whilst their
far happier, because more dingy and less valuable, fellows
are permitted to exist—to live, indeed—in upper air.
As before mentioned, but few perfect specimens are to
be met with, many are long in the leg, and frequently
knock-kneed, with but few feathers down the leg; but
when quality and characteristics are secured, beauty is
combined.
It cannot but be deplored that there should get into cir-
culation such one-sided statements and reports respecting
the comparative health and hardiness of the several varieties,
whilst such important items are omitted in the statistics
furnished by poultry breeders generally.
Greys—unquestionably a sub-variety of “ white ”—are
pencilled both in their neck and saddle-hackles, and in the
wings and tail. When regularly marked, they have a very
neat and finished appearance. Occasionally their pencil-
lings are more irregular, and sometimes they have greatly
the appearance of being a spangled sub-variety. Minute
inquiry has established it an indubitable fact that they are
but a cross of colour, not a separate variety.
Buffs.—The cocks range from a bright yellow to a deep
ginger tint; the hens from a light straw to a deep fawn,
the former tint being especially preferred. The hackles,
both neck and saddle, present the different shades of orange
SHANGHAE VARIETIES. a4
hues, and sometimes brilliant crimson-yellow tints, the
body somewhat darker, with black tail ; this latter should
contain fourteen feathers, seven on each side; and before
purchasing they should be counted, ‘and the tail itself exa-_
mined carefully, to ascertain if any of them have been
plucked away, a fraudulent practice frequently resorted to
to get foul feathers from fowls’ tails. _
Canary or Lemon Buffs.—These birds should be of a
light and settled lemon tinge throughout, with leg feathers
of a corresponding hue, with no pencillings, black, white,
or mealy marks about the hackles, but with bodies of a
somewhat slightly darker tint, and black tail. These, of
all Shanghae varieties, are held in most universal admira-
tion and esteem. More gaily coloured birds may, we admit
and deprecate, attack the superficial fancier first, but when
the effects of gaudy tints have faded from our vision, buffs
will continue still to charm the eye, and eventually gain
the verdict of the fastidious connoiseur.
It is, moreover, an unquestionable fact that amongst this .
variety are found the largest proportion of really good birds
in other respects—principally arising from the circumstance
that they have received from the hand of the fancier the
largest share of his judgment and attention.
I would impress upon my readers as a most important
point to be remembered by them, that save in the feathers
of the wing and tail, no dark discolouration nor black pen-
cillings should appear. It does not follow that because
good birds are sometimes found with such detects they thence
become legitimate appearances and marks. Because some
breeders have reared up considerable numbers of most un-
deniably good birds, this flaw, however, running through
them, a wish possesses them, and not at all unnaturally, to
have those marks legitimatized which all our judges hi-
22 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
therto have branded with illegitimacy. We should con-
tend, in whatsoever a degree perfection may, in poultry-
breeding, as in other things, be difficult to reach, perfection,
none the less, should be our standard still; and with good
reason in the present instance, since, as was before laid
down, these same appearances which we are specially
speaking of, form the criteria for determining purity of
breed; when pencillings upon the hackles are, we repeat,
discovered, an evidence therein exists that, at some period
or other, lately or remote, a cross of colour has occurred.
The sign by which such crossing is betrayed, must not be
lightly set aside.
Cinnamon variety comprises birds from a pale-tinted to
a deep reddish brown; they are not nearly so bright and
showy in their plumage as the “ Partridge-browns,” neither
so neat and finished as the Buffs; but are, upon the con-
trary, dull in colour, often a dead brick-red; nevertheless,
some good exceptions may be found among them. We are
possessed of nine or ten of this year’s chicks belonging to
the Cinnamon variety which are most excellently coloured,
more especially the pullerets; this,we conclude, is owing to —
the sire having descended from a pair whose mother came
from a buff cock and cinnamon-coloured hen.
I have frequently observed that amongst this variety are
to be met with some of the best feather-legged speci-
mens. It must be most particularly borne in mind that,
where a cross of colour does take place, it should be with
such tints as blend together with the most artistic nicety of
calculation. It would be well worth while for general
amateurs to pay greater attention to the harmony of colour,
being an important element in rearing handsome plumaged
birds, Breeders of beautiful varieties have gained all the
celebrity their fowls possess in this respect by strict atten-
SHANGHAE VARIETIES. 23
tion to the mode in which nature herself paints all her
most enchanting pictures.
Mottled or Cuckoo Shanghaes are not, by any means, at-
tractive either in their form or feather; are usually white,
with mottled grey. A firm, compact Cuckoo is a novelty,
seeing they are almost invariably both long in thigh and
shank, with narrow and contracted breast, and seldom at-
_ tain to any considerable weight; are, moreover, rotten in
feather, and frequently possessing white or mealy ear-lobes,
together with other indications too plainly indicating, to
admit of doubt, they claim no right to be considered a dis-
tinct or primitive variety.
Black, Brown, and Partridge Reds.—The black-red cock
resembles, in colour, the “ Game cock” of the same feather,
having black breast, thighs, belly and stern, and tail of the
same colour, but shining with metallic lustre; the neck-
hackle of a reddish yellow, with crimson wing-coverts ;
saddle-hackle of a deeper colour, but shading off towards
extremities, and back of deep dragon’s blood; is usually
ginger or bay winged, the extremity of greater wing-coverts
barred with steely blue, with feather legs of a bay, or
brownish hue. The general ground of the hen is more of
a reddish straw, with orange neck-hackle, and black tail.
In the purest strains there’are no ink stains in the neck and
saddle-hackle, and, in that respect, are peculiarly distinct
from the brown reds. In my opinion, these birds should
rank next to the lemon buffs in point of beauty. Brown
and partridge reds are frequently very handsome birds.
The cock of this variety presents a breast ranging from
a reddish brown to a partridge-spotted umber, with dark
ink stains in the hackle-feathers, which latter are of a deep
reddish yellow, with crimson pinion-coverts, and black and
partridge tail. Many of the hens are very beautiful, if
E mss Spent he nee we eye er Sn oe een
- See ees WS -
24 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
spotted regularly, are usually richly-coloured fowls, but
exhibit dark ink stains about the hackles. They are cer-
tainly more showy than the black-red hens. By the same
rule affecting whites, no marks of white or grey should
show themselves throughout. When well matched, they
form most distinguished groups. I most decidedly maintain
that this variety is the hardiest of all the tribe of Shanghaes,
and amongst them may be found some of the shortest leg-
ged and heaviest birds. Nearly all. the communications
received upon this subject fully corroborate this view.
Duns (or bluish slate) are seldom found of an unmixed
tint, but if a fixed hue throughout be obtained, fine hand-
some birds are the consequent result. The hens possess
more beauty and are neater in their feather than the cocks
——the genuine dun tint prevailing more strongly through-
out the feather of the female than the male, in which a
dingy brown too often supersedes the brighter hues.
Duns are unquestionably the result of crossing colour.
Blacks are at present somewhat scarce, and it is at all
times difficult to procure them free from foul feather—fea-
thers which will demolish every chance they otherwise
might have of taking prizes at our poultry shows, for
though I stated that the colour of your birds is not a point
of moment, still there are admixtures which detract so
much from otherwise fine specimens, as to reduce their
value to an exceedingly low point so far as fancy is
concerned.
The fact that this foul feather is so often met with in the
extant black variety, justifies the beliefthat they are but a
cross of colour, not a distinct sub-class ; a theory which we
shall continue to maintain until authentic, ample proof can
to the contrary be adduced. We hold, however, that there
at one time existed a primitive variety of this sort; but,
%
SHANGHAE VARIETIES. 25
as in one or two instances beside, it has become extinct or
nearly so, though not until it had crossed many of our other
colours, now looked upon as quite distinct; and that it
thence occasionally shows itself, even in a brood of lighter-
coloured birds.
We some time since e imported two light buffs (brother
and sister) having but a slight pencilling in the hackle, and
from particular inquiries into their origin understood they —
had not been crossed for several generations back at least.
Upon breeding them together—a practice which, save for
experimental purposes should be adjured—two of their
chicks threw black, a proof that latent blood of the black
Shanghae had for some time lain dormant in their veins,
and after that exhibited itself; this sub-class, while an ex-
tant race, had crossed our family of buffs and shown its
influence at last, though years had intervened and colour
had become apparently restored and purified.
Emu Fowl or Silky Shanghae.—It does not come within
the scope of my design to readjust descriptive names,
or cayil at acknowledged terms, but to describe the various
fowl by recognised appellatives, therefore exception will not
be taken at the designation “Emu,” as applied to a variety
of Shanghae whose plumage bears considerable resem-
blance to the woolly coat of the Australian “ Emu.”
This fowl is a little smaller than the other varieties of
Shanghaes, is usually of a dull brown or hen partridge
colour, but of a settled hue. The wings are somewhat
tucked up, and the hinder parts raised; the tail feathers,
however, hang downwards in this respect far more so than
the generality of Shanghaes. The feather more resembles
hair in its character and appearance. The comb, low, shri-
yelled and crooked, and the head longer than in other
varieties ; shanks yellow, rather long, and sometimes bare ;
26 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the thighs close, giving the appearance of a slight tendency
to become knock-kneed. The general form of the body
resembles the other varieties though less compact. They
are not considered quite so hardy as the species in general,
though possessing a fair share of its good qualities.
Trusting that so far duty has been well performed to
the readers of this work, in presenting descriptive matter
capable of furnishing sufficient ground for the cultivattion
of further knowledge on the subject. It must be admitted
on this ground is sown the seeds of just ideas, which, I
trust, will extend into improved tastes; let me remind
them that many of the remarks are more particularly
applicable to such as seek to gratify their fancy. On the
other hand, it is impossible for those who only rear up fowl
for economical purposes to understand too much concern-
ing the conditions necessary for the improvement of our
poultry to the highest point attainable.
DISPOSITION.
\
‘Tame, inoffensive, sociable, the Shanghae seldom exhibits
aught of a pugnacious disposition. They soon become
acquainted with their feeder and with each other also.
The male bird is exceedingly affectionate towards his hens,
and may be often seen contemplating the laying hen with
most particular interest, oftentimes going in and out the
nest as though preparing it for her reception ; but when —
she once has entered it, he mounts guard beside her, chuck-
ling his gutteral but joyous whisperings into her ear, until
the moment that her labours are accomplished, when he
departs with loud proud acclamations, -triumphantly pro-
claiming far and near, and wide as echo’s reach, his hen’s
praiseworthy work.
a BS! ie
sig > a
“_. DISPOSITION OF THE SHANGHAE FOWL. 27
These cocks, beyond all poultry beaux, are gifted with
the power to soften the asperities of temper, and to win
the love of hens the wildest and the most indifferent—as |
hens will sometimes be—to the advances of their lords. —
They never go a courting but to succeed in wooing, soon |
‘reconciling to the connubial state their feathered brides.
Where other cocks have failed to bring to terms the ladies
of the farm-yard harems—and these same ladies ofttimes
are especially perverse and prudish—the Shanghae’s gallant
has soon reduced them to submission by some means best
known to himself.
However ntuch the appearance of this species may be
inimical to favourable first impressions, their gentleness is a
most excellent substitute for the gentility they lack; clumsy
precipitancy in their wooing does not accompany a clumsy
figure ; then, although their person is ungainly, their man-
ner is very winning, and a fascination dwells within their
bright good-tempered eye, which will inspire with soft
emotions the most unsocial and intractable of hens.
For example, a hen that, from her wild and savage dis~ \
position, was the abhorrence of all cocks, a feeling she most
cordially reciprocated ; between herself and every other
fowl about the yard mutual antipathies existed. In vain we
placed her with the gayest and most captivating suitors;
nought would she have to say to them, creating much chagrin
and rage thereby within the breasts—and through the feathers
of the ruffled chanticleers. At length we placed a Shang-
hae Petruchio with this winged Katharine, and with amused
anxiety awaited some minutes witnessing a few preliminary
steps he took towards his vixenish betrothed’s good graces.
Upon the first advance the feathery fury flew away.
Eschewing all impetuosity the nowise baffled lover coolly
showed his paces at a respectful distance from her—distant
1
&
28 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
politeness served his turn; and whilst his sweetheart’s flurry
was subsiding he imperceptibly continued narrowing the
space which intervened between him and his object, until, —
without affording the least pretext for flymmg im a passion,
he soon found himself just within ogling distance of his
prize. Our time and patience being now exhausted we
at this moment left the fowler with the bird he sought
tosnare. The following morning found the bride standing
complacently beside the bridegroom (no unusual circum-
stance with the Shanghae cock).
Although so tame, running towards us at a call, eating
their food from our open hand, they have an insuperable
objection to being handled, struggling with wing and leg
to be released when taken off the ground—not wildly
flapping nor yet screeching out—neither when released
secking by flight to avoid all further ruffling of feather
and of temper, but on the contrary submitting unreservedly
to arepetition of the distasteful treatment—yet, just as
often as taken up, again using their utmost force to re-
assert their personal liberty. Should any of my readers
be disposed to test this patience, almost amounting to
stupidity, in the Shanghae, let them remember that its _
stunted wings so disproportioned to the heavy body assist
it but little in alighting upon the ground; care must,
therefore, be taken lest in the struggle it should fall too
heavily and thereby become much injured.
POULTRY HOUSE AND YARD.
In instances where space for poultry is but limited, our
Chinese visitors are found convenient guests; they can put
up with worse accommodation than our dainty Kuropeans,
requiring -little space compared to the extended room
needed by almost every other race. We do not mean to
7
THE SHANGHAE—POULTRY HOUSE AND YARD. 29
say that Shanghaes will thrive the better for confinement,
neither that fowls in general pine and die if kept within
a narrow range. No fowls can have allotted to them too
wide a field for developing their faculties, too great a
ground for enjoyment and content. In cases where their
liberties are abridged more careful tending is required,
the laws of cleanliness more rigidly enforced, when such is
done to counterbalance want of room wherein to roam at
large, the Shanghae fowl will live content, will thrive, and
prove productive still. ;
The perches in the roosting compartment should not
exceed two feet from the ground—the obvious and suffi-
cient reason being, the incapacity of their short wings to
aid them in descending safely from a height, which to any
other class of fowl would be but moderate. Some breeders
dispense with perches altogether for their fowls; we, on
the contrary, most strenuously advise (but not for chicks)
a thick round roost thirteen inches in circumference, and
raised two feet above the ground, a height the best adapted
forthem. Where Shanghaes are kept in greater numbers,a
range of roosts should be erected; the first a foot in height,
the second double, and so on, whilst the last should have
an intervening space between it and the wall, sufficient to
allow the birds abundant room for the convenient dispo-
‘sition of their hinder parts. For obvious purposes of |
cleanliness, the perches should not be erected one above
the other, and should be tolerably thick, because their
length of toe and weight of body render it absolutely ne-
cessary; their claws should have a good firm clutch for
‘their maintenance, without too great an effort of their own,
of an agreeable and easy equilibrium.
Upon the other hand, if forced to sleep upon the ground,
their litter must be daily cleansed. away, especially in sum-
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30 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
mer time, whereas if they be perched a little height above
the ground, once cleansing thoroughly within each week
will be sufficient, if only six or seven are kept together;
but if in greater numbers, more frequent cleanings must
of course take place.
As before mentioned, when confined, cleanliness is of the
utmost importance, and must be rigorously enforced or the
Shanghae will suffer, if not as soon as other varieties,
equally sure from its evil effects. Being densely fea-
thered, a heap of ashes is a requisition to enable him to
clear himself from the annoyance resulting from the pre-
sence of troublesome animalcules which infest all fowls at
the warm seasons of the year, especially where means of
eradication are wanting. Although he may emerge from the
heap appearing in plumage the worse for his roll, and any-
thing but a credit to his keeper, one shake, one flap with
the wings, a few vigorous strokes with the bill, and the
owner is then satisfied a visible as well as an invisible
improvement has been effected.
A supply of calcareous matter, as oyster shells, &c., or
lime rubbish, is imperative to the well doing of the hens,
and the perfect formation of a substantial shell to the eges,
Being very productive with regard to ege stuff, a large
portion of matter capable of being especially rendered
available for that purpose is required.
Any waterproof and well ventilated shed, or outhouse
suitable for other poultry, will answer every requisite for
the Shanghae. ‘The yard should be well drained, or have
a decided fall, and be laid with gravel (composition being
in many instances injurious from its poisonous component
parts).
A small piece of soft ground, grass, or herbage, for a daily
stroll, if accessible, will form a paradise of every requi-
FEEDING SHANGHAES. 31
sition. Actions such, surer proofs than words of obligations
felt, will ever be perceptible and reward the keeper; and
their little requirements if attended to will resultin mutual _
advantages. .
(Poultry houses, with plans, &c., will engage an after
part of this work.)
Fs FEEDING SHANGHAES.
Good feeders are the Shanghaes, but it must be confessed
they greatly do prefer to eat from a full bowl—mouthfuls
at once—to picking up, like other fowl, the scattered grains
that lie about the ground. Being so deficient in activity,
if, among other poultry, they are forced to stir and turn up
everything to find their food, or at the regular meal times —
scramble for it, they stand but a poor chance of thriving.
The food which is afforded other fowl is equally agreeable
and beneficial to the Shanghaes, if they can only manage |
to appropriate enough to be agreeable. By a reiterated |
series of experiments, I have conclusively ascertained, they
cannot eat so quickly as the Malay, and the smaller tribes;
therefore, where they are kept together, care must be
especially taken that they have enough to eat, or they.will
surely fall away in condition to very much below par.
Whilst preventing such mishap, be it, however, borne in
mind fat fowls are equally objectionable, unless for the table
requirements. In moulting time, it is true, full feeding
and providing for is of importance; but, when laying hens
are sought for, moderate condition and good production
_ are attainable by liberal but not excessive feeding.
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK.
In breeding Shanghaes—and the same applies to every
every other class of fancy fowl—most especial care must
fe ee ae
osm:
SS SSS SSS
see
geneeeaes
82 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
be observed to avoid the slightest chance of crossing breeds ;
even two prize birds, differing in species, will, if crossed,
be rendered valueless as fancy stock. Highly injurious
consequences also will ensue, such as reduction in weight,
degenerated qualities, and so forth, if birds that are related
to each other breed together, more especially so, if brother
and sister be the relationship they bear.
When breeding from relations is, however, unavoidable,
as when the stock runs low, or other special reasons urge
you to continue up the self-same strain, the following
course I recommend as having been attended with inva-
riable success throughout a protracted series of experi-
ments, made with a view of ascertaining how far it might
be possible to cross varieties, and yet evade its general
effects and natural consequences; retarding, in as great a
degree as possible, the inevitable progress of degeneration
** crossing ” invariably must cause.
Never permit relations, such as brother and sister, to be
paired together ; they are immediately and intimately of
the self-same blood; unmitigated rapid decline, and an
eventual annihilation will assuredly ensue from breeding
“jn.and in” with them. Rather place dam and son toge-
ther, or daughters with their sires, for there the consan-
guinity is in part diverted, as the sire and dam may be of
different strains, and so the daughters will not be entirely
of the same blood as that the father’s veins contain ; nor is
the son’s blood quite identical with that flowing through
the dam’s. From this produce may be taken a stag of the
sire side to breed with the granddam, and the pullets from
the dam side to match with the grandsire.
Be it distinctly understood, however, that such practices
are not by any means commended, saving in cases where
it otherwise has been determined to breed “in and in.”
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK. 33
Prize birds need never be expected to result from such
proceedings ; but where it is at all practicable, import, from
time to time, fresh blood into your breeds, and so avoid all
possibility of a degenerated stock. For breeding purposes
a Shanghae cock, when prizes or high breeding are the
object, should not mate with more than four hens; indeed,
in cases where degeneracy has once shown itself, not more
than one or two should be allowed to walk with him. By
strict observance of this rule, the virtue of the depreciated
fowl may be partially restored.
Properly speaking, new blood should every other year
be introduced into the general stock, since breeding “in
and in” cannot be otherwise than followed by most dis-
astrous consequences. In breeding from pullets, cocks
about three years old should invariably be placed with
them, and their first clutch of eges, being very small,
should not be kept for hatching purposes. Stags should be
- matched with two or three-year-old hens, being then ma-
ture, whilst cocks are frequently three years arriving at
that stage.
To farmers, or extensive rearers of poultry, who possess
large, heterogeneous stocks of fowl, but who, for various
reasons, may feel indisposed towards re-stocking their old
breeds with fresher strains, I would emphatically recom-
mend one of these methods; namely, either to kill off all
their master cocks, and replace them with a few good
Shanghae cocks, or else select four or five of their favourite
first-rate hens, and place them with a vigorous Shanghae,
then carefully set aside, for incubation, all their eges, and
the result will be extremely beneficial, and most gratifying,
The small varieties will thus be superseded by a strong,
hardy, ready-fattening and more abundant egg-producing
fowl. Many of the excellent qualities of the Shanghae
C
34 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
will be undoubtedly exhibited, and a most ample, quick
return for capital invested in them be the inevitable result.
The experiments we have tried, in crossing various
breeds with Shanghaes, prove that the Dorking class of:
fowl is best adapted for the purposes of profit; at the same
time, there reatly is no class of poultry but, as a vehicle
for gain, may be immensely benefitted by a cross with the
Shanghaes.
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS.
The Shanghae is, unquestionably, one of the most pro-
ductive of domestic fowl. Their eggs are usually of a buff,
or pale chocolate tint, depending for their depth of shade
upon the colour of the bird from whence they spring.
FAC-SIMILE OF THE SHANGHAR’S EGG.
The shell is of considerable thickness, and highly granu-
lated. The average weight of a mature hen’s egg is about
24 ozs., being small in comparison to the size of the pro-
ducer; is blunt in shape, and frequently rounded equally
at both ends; they are usually of a delicious flavour, but
the quality of food supplied, and the healthiness of the hen,
i. pa
sn iyi
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS. 35
and other circumstances, equally applicable to all eggs,
tend very much to add or diminish their excellence in this
respect.
Although very productive, there are exceptional cases,
and this quality differs with the varieties: there are bad
laying Shanghaes, as in all other classes of fowl; but,
taking them as a body, they are most assuredly, wonder-
fully prolific. It will be seen that the chief difference in
form betwixt the eggs laid by the Shanghae and other
fowls is, that one end is so considerably more obtuse than
_ eggs in general. But this obtuseness does not sufficiently )
characterize all Shanghae eggs, so as to be a test whether
an egg be from a Shanghae or not; some differ in their
form so little, from the product of the ovarium in other
fowls, that it requires a keen and practised eye with cer-
tainty to say, from form alone—in instances where the
peculiar bluntness is but very slightly marked—whether or
not such and such eggs are from the Shanghae. A certain
strong and general distinctive mark, however, being that
Shanghae eggs are highly granulated, their surfaces being
completely dotted over with minute and white spots, it ap-
peared to me that some remarks were necessary upon this”
point, since eggs have, in some instances, been sold for
Shanghaes, which were only common ones, but tinted to
the peculiar colour of the genuine egg.
{t is likewise necessary, if perfect and sound eggs be -
desired, to keep the hens in moderate condition. Being
hearty eaters, if allowed to become too fat, disease, with
its attendant evils follow ; inflammation of the egg passage,
and, consequently, soft or but partially shelled eggs and
apoplexy are not unfrequently the result.
Among our stock we have three hens which laid, in
twenty days, an aggregate of fifty-seven egos. Another hen
36 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
laid forty eggs in forty-seven days, and several of them
double yolked; the number would, undoubtedly, have risen
higher but from the circumstance that, during the same
period, she one day showed a strong desire to incubate.
There are recorded cases of some Shanghae hens laying
two, and sometimes three eggs in one day. No hen can
lay more than one egg in any single day, save through a
freak of nature, or mishap. The bunch of rudimental egos,
or ova, may by accident get shaken, and, in consequence,
those nearest ripe may fall, and afterwards be, by a
natural effort of the bird, cast prematurely forth.
Again, some have, by a resort to quibbling, inculcated
the belief that Shanghae hens are MONSTROUSLY produc-
tive. An egg may thus be laid at nine o’clock to-morrow
morning, and another laid at eight the morrow morning
afterwards; ergo—say these ingenious gentlemen—two
egos a day are laid!
I am aware the Shanghae hens occasionally lay two eges
in one day, and sometimes within a few minutes of each
other ; even three, in some few cases, have been deposited
in the nest, but such are isolated occurrences. No person
purchasing stock should expect such excessive production ;
it more frequently happens when more than one are laid,
there is but one perfect, the other being soft, or but par-
tially shelled.
A fly, or fall from a lofty rd fright or flurry, or a
pugilistic encounter, are sufficient causes, during the laying
season, to account for this accident (for such I certainly
consider it). Now the Shanghae usually lays each day,
for many successive days, and in the event of her depo-
siting, from the above cause, an egg one day before its
proper time, it naturally results in two eggs being laid in
one day—the fact of its being one day in advance, results
are 2 Se mnerrmerenten
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS. 37
in the frequency of such supernumerary ege being im-
perfect, and but partially shelled.
I have had hens of a different class which, from similar
mishaps, have laid one day before their time, but seeing
their usual times for laying were but every other day, the
unnatural, or premature delivery, was usually deposited
in the intermediate day, and nothing further was said or
thought about the occurrence, although, in reality, equally
remarkable with the former. .
Upon one occasion, one of a superior strain of game hens
became squeezed between some planks where she had been
trespassing to her stolen nest: we removed her to a close
apartment, alone, and secured her from further wanderings.
In the afternoon of the same day she laid an ege, but the
ensuing morning two were deposited, neither of which
were, however, perfect, being only partially shelled, and
exposing a soft membrane.
I trust no person will purchase Shanghaes, imagining
the probability of a double supply being deposited in the
nest. Although extremely productive, still not to such an
extent as to countenance frequencies so opposed to their
natural organization.
Their eggs occasionally - contain two yolks, “called
double-yolked eggs.” These are seldom productive, almost
invariably resulting in the process of incubation being |
carried on until developed in the form and substance of
chicks, but the objects of nature’s freak are seldom exclu-
ded as living specimens.
(Upon this subject I shall have occasion to advert in an
after part, when treating upon “ Malformations, &c.”)
Pullerets usually commence laying about the age of five
months, and the average produce six eggs in seven days,
frequently laying forty eggs without showing any strong
She Be NE cl ia
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88 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
desire to incubate; the average weight is from 1# to 2 ozs.
(though in exceptional cases the weight may be greater).
Contrary to the practises in which indulgence our other
fowls have frequently annoyed us, it is extremely rare for
Shanghaes to seek out a hidden depdt where to bestow
their eggs; indeed, I have known instances wherein, de-
prived of every comfortable little corner they had been
accustomed to, and nothing remaining for their accommo-
dation but the bare, hard ground, they regularly and most
contentedly deposited their eggs in that deplorable con-
dition. Undoubtedly, however, it is most unwise and cruel
to endeavour to force them into seeking out, with diffi-
culty to themselves, places wherein to lay their eggs. It
evidently is owing to their natural indolence that they
remain contented under such circumstances, and it is only
due to their nature, not to their own good-will, that they
so punctually follow the dictates of nature. Whilst young
and growing, however, and, indeed, until well feathered,
they are frequently as active as the nimblest denizens of
the poultry yard.
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS, COMPARED WITH SPANISH,
DORKING, AND THE POLISH FOWL.
Fairly to elucidate the subject of their comparative
value merely as “ stock,”—not fancy birds—it becomes ne-
cessary to determine not only what the cost of food is
which they take into their several crops, but what the crop
of eggs amounts to which they severally yield.
The following results, which have been selected from
the mass of evidence collected during our anxious and
minute researches into this most important point, will
solve a problem mooted to serve the purposes of sound
economy.
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS, ETC. 39
In April, 1851, we from one hatch selected, of the se-
veral classes named, four pullets of each class. These
birds were of the purest and the most distinguished breeds,
therefore were on a perfect footing of equality, and, con-
sequently, much more eligible for this purpose. Keeping
_ these several classes in as many separate compartments,
for two consecutive years—a term but just expired—a
strict account was kept both of the amount of food each
class consumed, and the amount of eggs deposited by each,
together with the price which they produced.
TABLE I.
ee ees y- % 3
Ss|_ |88./2 |B | & | BS
Wh Som | opt | HSS | ed | ae a Se ea
Hatched otol SSl SS | Seni es |sea| © | ZA] Total
‘April 10, ne a ES |S ~S|BS ae 2 nee oalas
1851. y | ge | Om] S=o/Qh|SSo} B | SS | obtained.
1851 om 3 80 Ooh | 3 5 3
g7| 58/85/58) a35| = rE
> SS a
EE 4 jaz i4 /8 g as
OZ. OZ. OZs 1 Sd oe 5,
_ {4 Shanghaes/Oct. 19/709] 12 | 1059 | 22 | 1768 | 35691 56/417 8
4 Spanish...[Dec. 7/452|2 | 928 | 28 | 13801 3456/6014 2 9
4 Dorking...|Dec. 1/471] 1$ | 919 | 23 | 1390 | 2891/5 6|3 16 4
4 White '
ae Nov. 26/512} 13 | 935 | 23 | 1447 | 30771561319 6
- Polands }
£16 15 10
It will be seen from the foregoing Table that for the
first year of this trial the “ eee ” surpassed all their
competitors.
One reason for this may be found by noticing that they
began to lay much earlier, though, certainly, throughout
the entire race, they still outnumbered all the rest. It was,
40 FERGUSON ON FOWL,
however, more in the number of their eggs, than in the
total weight of them.
Neither is this more than a moiety of the question ne-
cessary to be discussed. The relative and comparative
cost of keep for “ Shanghaes,” “ Spanish,” “ Dorking,” and
the “ Polish” fowl, must have its share of weight in ba-
lancing accounts. This section of the subject will be best
displayed by rendering the following Table :—
TABLE II,
OF EXPENSES ATTENDANT UPON HATCHING, REARING, AND KEEPING
FOR TWO YEARS,
Cash pro-
Cost per week. oan i duced by sale} Net Profit.
of Eggs.
4 Shanghae Hens and
d. per head.
1 Shanghae Cock
4 Spanish Hens and
1 Spanish Cock
4 Dorking Hens and
1 Dorking Cock
4 Polish Hens and
3 19
1 Polish Cock
16 15 10
ee eee
510 7
Upon asuperficial glance at the foregoing it would appear
that the profit upon our fowls was reduced into a miserably
small compass ; five pounds ten shillings upon twenty birds,
after two years of trouble and eleven pounds’ expense,
ee ee
}
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS, ETC. 41
besides risk of loss from casualties. But you must under-
stand we do not in this example propound rules for the
disposal of your poultry or their produce. Some will best
study their own interest in home consumption—others by
selling the eggs as “ new laid ;” but, in the case in question,
_ the only course to be pursued in coming to a fair con-
clusion on their comparative worth as “ stock,” was selling
the egos at market in bulk.
Again, we must explain that with each separate class we
kept a cock, making four cocks to sixteen hens; whereas if
the sole object be producing eggs and chickens for our culi-
nary purposes, one male bird is enough for, at the least, ten
hens; therefore, in calculating our own scanty profits on the
mere principle of temporary gain, it must be borne in mind
we kept two cocks more than were for common purposes
required,
Once more—and it is of great importance that these points
be well considered—although the birds were domiciled in
open, healthy situations, still being to some extent necessa-
tily penned up—to carry out the experiments upon them—
they consequently lived in sole dependence on the food given
them. In farms, among our cottages, and many places else,
where they can pick up half their sustenance, their cost of
keep is obviously less; therefore, that portion of the case
resolves itself to this, the greater or the less profit poultry
yields, is regulated by the circumstances under which the
fowls are kept. Disposing of them by the bulk at market,
new-laid eggs will not obtain a much better price than any
others; whereas by retailing them while new, double the
_ price may be obtained. But, I repeat, the fowls in ques-
tion were retained for special purposes, and as the habits,
with the different requirements of feeding, were in each
case held in equal and due consideration, an absolutely
D
ie EOE LOL LE LEE GALLE
RN ARDS Ah FARE NS Sens: ae em te roe semen ram nn trams nn nna tryna ean gmempnann eo —
Ea ee a TT
42 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
just example was afforded whence to draw correct conclu-
sions on the comparative worth, and relative appropriate
standing of each class. |
Premising this, I will advance upon another aspect which
the question bears. It will be seen, by reference to our
Table I., the Shanghae fowls began to lay—as generally is
the case—six or seven weeks before their rivals; and by
the time they all arrived at twelve months old, the Chinese
had deposited a greater quantity of eggs by far than their
opponents. During the second year, however, the Spanish
fowl, its keenest adversary in the race, made ground upon
it at so great a rate, that on arriving at its close it was but
one hundred and thirteen ounces in the rear, which differ-
ence, divided by their numbers, gave to the Shanghaes only
twenty-eight ounces and a fraction each a-head of Spanish ;
and as the cost of food to feed these last was, in round
numbers, half a guinea less than that expended on the first
—whereas the produce of the former realized but fourteen
shillings and sixpence beyond the yieldings of the Spanish,
—the final difference between the two, during two years,
was but eleven pence each—forty-two pence divided among
four.
By this it seems that though throughout the first year’s
laying, the Shanghaes outstrip all their competitors, yet, in
the second year, although they still keep im advance, the
Spanish gain upon them so considerably as to reduce the
difference to a trifling odds. Upon a run of two conse-
cutive years, these two prime rival breeds get almost neck
and neck together at the goal; and if we dive deeper into
the question of the comparative intrinsic value of the several
layings, it then becomes a matter of the utmost nicety to
say which has the advantage. The extra profit of the
Shanghaes arose from this, that only sixpence difference of
SHANGHAES AS LAYERS, ETC. 43
price was obtained upon each hundred eggs when sold at
market; but if common sense could regulate the mode of
trading eggs, and weight be made to govern market value,
then a different result would have occurred. |
From this it would almost appear that Shanghaes really
should be placed but second in the rank of egg-producing
stock. When every point is fairly poised, and a just stand-
ard fixed, whether it then takes precedence of all useful
fowl, or shares the empire of our favour with a rival is the
next subject of inquiry.
The first thing in their favour is the circumstance that
where the object sought in keeping poultry is obtaining
eggs for market, in which case the greatest number is the
greatest good, such may be best attained by rearing Shang-
haes, and only keeping them until they have attained to
three and never more than four years’ growth. Although
by that time, certainly, they have become too old for tender
appetites, they none the less have meantime yielded hand-
some profits on their cost.
Another favourable point about this species is, that dur-
ing the winter months, when new-laid eggs are rare, and
from their scarcity of so much higher value, they prove a
source from whence we always can obtain supplies.
If on the contrary eggs are required for home con-
sumption, or for retailing as “new laid,” the Spanish fowl
must have the preference. In such a case numbers are
not so much an object to be sought as more abundant
weight. An egg of moderate size procures you, say one
penny—but if a little larger three half-pence may be ob-
tained; size in such instance is of greater consequence than
merely numbers, and in that respect the poultry for your
barley is the Spanish.
The Dorkings appear to be the lowest in the scale, but
da FERGUSON ON FOWL.
be it remembered their province, in which they stand unri-
valled and alone, is in the production of flesh.
So after all it only can be determined, by the peculiar
circumstances under which these rival candidates stand in
their relations to our several interests, which of the two
former shall get the greatest share of votes in the election
of a poultry queen (see Part IT).
SELECTION OF EGGS FOR HATCHING PURPOSES.
It is an indisputable and remarkable fact that the egos
of the Shanghaes are frequently more productive of male
than female birds. The prevalent idea is that round eggs
produce pullets, whilst the long ones cocks; such is, how-
ever, at variance with facts. Another opinion is that when
the air bag, which is located at the blunt end of the ege,
and may be seen by holding the egg between the fore fin-
ger and thumb, and placing it between the eye and the
candle—nearest the latter—when such vacuum is central,
a male bird is produced, whilst if on one side, a female.
There is something true in nearly every false theory, or
such would stand but a very short period indeed; and in
the above some slight pretension to such is apparent, but
it must be acknowledged but slight. Supposing, as is
frequently the case, a round egg has the air bag central,
what becomes of the theory then? Little can be ascer-
tained with respect to the differential sex by mere shape ;
the heaviest eggs, whether long or round—whether the air
bag be central or aside—usually produce cockerels, whilst
the lightest, pullets. (See Part I.)
_ No ill-shaped, or stale eggs should be selected whilst
perfect and fresh ones are obtainable. They should be
carefully placed in bran, in the same position as the hen
invariably leaves them in her nest, and require turning
SHANGHAES AS SITTERS. 45
every other day ; but if it be the intention to forward them
any distance, they should be placed upon the smallest end.
SHANGHAES AS SITTERS.
When a hen of any class betrays symptoms of a desire
to sit, or incubate, she is termed “broody.” The hen is,
from her comfortable, maternal size, and gentle disposition,
peculiarly adapted for filling the office of incubator.- She
can, if need be, cover seventeen or eighteen eges, though
thirteen are sufficient for her, as, with greater numbers,
she is liable to break them in the nest. In the cold months
her animal heat is hardly equal to the task of supplying
warmth to an excessive number. In the summer time,
however, we have frequently placed under a hen the
highest number named, and reared up a good brood; but
still it is somewhat imprudent to adventure sucha quantity
at once. The chances are, some will be trampled on soon
after being hatched; besides that, with too large a brood,
the most impartial mother may be incapable of ekeing out
the tit-bits so that each member of her extensive family
may get a share. The sitting Shanghae is also very careful
in her stepping in and out the nest, which should be always
placed so that she may walk, not be compelled to jump,
into it. On this account, a deep nest must not be pro-
vided, since eggs are frequently destroyed by the down-
plumping of the hen. Though somewhat shallow, it should
be of wide enough dimensions, since the Shanghae swells
out her form to an amazing size. If at any time itis found
desirable to move a hen to another court-yard, there is sel-
dom any difficulty in inducing her to take her seat in any
place you please, especially if the removal be effected after
dark. poet
The Shanghae hen’s principal fault—if such it can be
46 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
considered—lies in her frequent desire to incubate. Many
are the methods employed to counteract her feverish ex-
citement, and check the desires that actuate her, such as
plunging into cold water, swinging round and round by
the legs until actually giddy ; but I feel compelled to decline
describing or even enumerating these methods, considering
all such hard measures to be both cruel and useless.
Some time since, a hen belonging to our stock visibly
indicated her determination to thus carry out the dictates
of instinctive longings. To check this unwished for symp-
tom we fixed her in an open coop within full view of kith
and kind. The sight of their untrammelled freedom ope-
rated so medicinally upon the latent love of liberty within
her, as to purge off the obnoxious longings causing™her
confinement, and but a few days longer were required to
eradicate its influence, and she was discharged from fur-
ther custody. As the season advances the difficulty in the
way of checking their desire to incubate increases. In this
example the desire to sit continued from the twenty-third
unto the twenty-eighth of February, a period of some five —
days; but, on a subsequent occasion, eleven days were
occupied in gaining a result the same as previously pro-
duced by this compulsory sitting on the bare, cold narrow
space enclosed within the coop.
Some Shanghaes exhibit more desire to sit than lay,
others again—and these comprise the great majority—
desire to incubate after depositing some five-and-twenty
eggs, whilst others entertain “brooding” ideas but once
within’ a season, and only then after affording fifty or
sixty egos. We tried experiments upon those hens which
laid again within a month of hatching. One example will
suffice us here. .
This hen was set the seventeenth day of February, and
SHANGHAES AS SITTERS. 47
she hatched her brood on March the tenth, on which day
we took her chicks away, and placed her on asecond batch
of eggs, which she hatched safely on the thirty-first. This
brood we suffered her to rear, and seven weeks afterwards
she had commenced to lay again; thus thirteen weeks
were occupied in incubation and in rearing up her young;
whereas at former times, when we permitted her to bring
up her first batch of chickens, laying when nature inclined
her to the act only, seven weeks elapsed before her powers
of production were restored. I am convinced it is not the
lack of eggs within which causes the desire to incubate, but
that this “ broodiness” retards their growth. The second
cluster, when once formed, increases most rapidly in size
until attaining full maturity, unless the feverish heat ac-
companying broodiness checks its development.
The symptoms are well known by an adherence to the
nest, a continued clucking, a spreading and drooping of
the wings, a ruffled feather, with an angry, irritable
countenance.
I contend her desires in this respect act upon her sys-
tem, and not the system upon the desires, as is usually
supposed; for this reason, were a hen the day before, or
even after she had hatched her brood, placed in a light and
cool apartment in the open air, not many days would elapse
before her clucking would be unheard, and soon be super-
seded by cackling, and the voice of the laying hen distin-
guished—seeing she would forget her former desire, and,
forgetting, no longer wish. Now, if her system was the
seat of action in this respect, her desires would be far
more permanent, and not so easily evaded. Be it also
borne in mind, although her desires act upon her system,
she, at the same time, desires not until her system is suffi-
ciently advanced to allow her to carry: the object out.
48 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
For this reason, when she is about laying her last few
egos she continues longer in her nest each time, until the
last is deposited, when she remains a constant. sitter
therein. 7
This is, however, one of the subjects that will be en-
larged upon under a special head; nor had it been touched
upon here, but that the circumstance of the Shanghaes
laying so soon again after they hatch required a word, at
least, of explanation. When allowed to indulge in their
instinctive desires, they should be set apart from the laying
hen, in a separate compartment, not shut in the nest—
that is a very absurd method—but should have a few feet
enclosed at its entrance, sufficient to allow them to remove
from their sedentary position and enjoy a roll and a scratch,
and satisfy the requirements of nature at pleasure, without
the peril of being unseated by another more powerful of
their own species, so frequently the case when allowed to
incubate in the roosting apartment. Chopped straw is
suitable for the nest material during the summer months,
but hay, being softer and warmer, though more inclined
to engender the accumulation of animalcule, is best adapted
for the winter, or cold weather. There should be a con-
tinued supply of food and water where it may be readily
obtained, but they should never be fed whilst sitting in the
nest.
No attention is requisite or desirable being paid to the
advancement of incubation. Far more harm is occasioned
by peeping at the eggs, or turning them in the absence of
the hen, than good: until the twenty-first or twenty-
second day, as the case may be, no interference should
take place.
The Shanghae’s eggs, like those of other domestic fowl,
occupy the term of one-and-twenty days in carrying out
Sittin tn _Areminemmensnbdindeentne cece a
SHANGHAE CHICKENS. 49
the hatching process, but frequently only twenty days is
their term of durance; though, in case the eggs are stale,
the utmost limit of their time is usually filled up, and ;
sometimes five or six hours more expire before the chick
emerges from captivity.
SHANGHAE CHICKENS.
The Shanghae chick, from its first step into the world,
displays the characteristic tread with which the breed pecu-
liarly walk and tread their way through life, exhibiting
also, at the same time, that tameness which distinguishes
this bird. It is amusing to observe their consequential
strut among the chickens of a smaller class, as though the
little Shanghae were well aware it would eventually be--
come the greatest of them all, although now no larger
than the rest.
The feathery down upon their legs is seen as soon as
they are hatched. The beak exhibits a decided greenish
tinge; the eyes appear almost as black as sloes. Their
colour greatly varies during the period of their chicken-
hood, frequently hatching very light of tint, and afterwards
betraying darkish feathers in the wings and hackles, until
at length the chicken hatched canary colour grows into }
partridge or dark brown. Little can be determined of i
their tints until the down gives place to feathers. These,
as elsewhere observed, are very slow of growth (especially
when the produce of young birds); whilst game fowls, as
well as many other sorts, are getting fully feathered, and
their strains and colours may be decided on, a Shanghae of
the same age is clothed in naught but down and fluff,
They are, however, wonderfully strong and hardy, and
thrive remarkably from the first moment of their birth
until arrived at mature growth. Those petty circumstances
SE OS eT TE ee ese iene oo mene reenter
eae eneas Se eee eee See eee enone
50 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
which so often injure other chickens scarcely ever take
effect on them. Their constitutions being robust and
strong, such feeding as will suit whatever classes they
may at the time be living with is sure to agree with them;
nevertheless, as rice is certainly their most natural, and
consequently proper food, we will notice here that erain
particularly. It should be prepared by scalding, steaming,
or swollen out until each grain is full to bursting, but on
no account broken nor mashed up.
When chicks are troubled with looseness in the bowels,
rice, from its binding qualities, is a most excellent medi-
cine, especially prepared as directed. For the retention of
this medicinal virtue, and that its effects may not be
blunted, rice, though so good for general food, should not
be too exclusively given; for notw ithstanding it is always
of a binding character, still can its properties be somewhat
changed—its medicinal quality lost by too constant use.
Clean water must ever be provided for their continual
use, or recourse will be had to the neighbouring pond of
stagnant liquid filth, so foul and injurious to chicks of any
growth. Diarrhea, gapes, roup, and other diseases are
engendered from its foul effects.
Young Shanghaes are most particularly fond of mangel-
wurtzel and turnips, especially the former. These, if given
in a crude state, should be cut lengthwise through the
middle. Such food is not adapted certainly for regular or
substantial meals, but to amuse them in the interims of
feeding-hours ; and this one observation bears within itself
a most important principle connected with the successful
rearing of your chicks: keep them amused between the
intervals of meal times, and best by such means as this.
If you do not cut these roots at all, they will be generally
neglected; but, on the other hand, if cut too much, or in
: eS -
ee. “Ta
SHANGHAE CHICKENS. 54
small pieces, the chickens will gorge and cram themselves,
contrary to the intent with which such food should be
afforded; added to which, some of it will be left and
trampled under foot, get stale and-dirty, and in that state,
when eaten up, is likely to mduce a strong disgust towards
it; whereas if cut in half, as we described, and then sus-
pended by a piece of strmg above their heads, just within
reach against a wall, it will be kept both fresh and clean,
thus being tempting to their young appetites.
Barley, well steamed, or soaked five or six hours, be-
comes a beneficial and nutritious food in change when
chickens are some two or three wecks old. Previous to
that age, sopped bread, bread and (sweet) milk, boiled
liver and raw beef, chopped fine; eggs, boiled about
twenty minutes, and cut small; boiled rice and groats—
these, all in turn, and given in small quantities, are highly
beneficial; but whenever they exhibit a distaste for any
special food, immediately desist from placing it before them
for at least a week together. Suspend a cabbage by its
‘roots, and suffer them to entertain themselves by pecking
at it as it hangs; and, if convenient, place slantingly a
truss of straw in some dry corner, throwing into it, about
once a weck, a handful or so of groats. The exercise of
scratching for them will amuse the little creatures very
much, and, as I said before—and now for its important
consequences once again repeat—whatever will afford
amusement to your chickens will afford a profit to your-
selves. |
It is astonishing with what perseverance the little things
will run up and down, diving their tiny beaks into the
straw, in the hope of finding some of the grains of groats.
We have.watched chickens hunt among the straw until
our patience has been quite exhausted, long before they
52 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
found a single groat, yet is their faith, and hope, and
energy all unimpaired. Where once they find a prize
they still believe that prizes may be found again. The
chickens soon begin to stray from the maternal wing; the
Shanghae hen, too, quickly ceases all remembrance of her
short-lived love for them, and frequently begins to lay
again within a month of her confinement, pecking the
chickens then which may have the temerity to seek the
now forbidden nest. Instances, indeed, occasionally occur
in which the hen will suffer favourite chickens to assemble
still around the family bed, even while she herself is
“ laying” in it.
We have a hen that upon one occasion hatched a brood
of chicks which we removed soon afterwards, with the ex-
ception of apulleret that was left remaining withher. The
hen began to lay again twenty days after the time she
hatched the brood just mentioned, whilst our young pul-
leret regularly accompanied her into the nest when she
retired there to lay. The hen, after depositing some one-
and-twenty eggs desired to incubate, and, for experiment,
we suffered her to have her longings gratified; then highly
interesting was the sight to observe the pullet watching
about the poultry-house door during the entire three
weeks of incubation, seated occasionally into the nest
during the temporary absence of the “ brooding bird, and
always in the night. When the old hen moved off to feed,
the filial affection of the little creature would display itself
in all the extravagant but pleasing gesticulations, all the
mad pranks and capers, of a body bursting with mirth and
gladness. Running before, behind, beside, atop, and un-
derneath its mother, sure such a funny little spectacle of
gleesomeness was never witnessed by us as we then beheld.
And when at length the chicks were hatched, our pulleret
SHANGHAE CHICKENS. 53
was a very second mother to them, actually gathering a
portion of them underneath her wings, and calling them in
imitation of the parent fowl. This chicken, profiting by
the tuition, doubtless, or imitating and emulating too the
example of the hen, on one occasion, in our presence, flew
at a stout grimalkin, who exhibited a hostile view towards
the youthful family of which their sister thus instituted
herself a co-defender with her mother, though, at the same
time, labouring under great trepidation at the sight of its
grim, common enemy. These traits and circumstances are
here detailed as an evidence, that-even fowls possess a por-
tion of those qualities which form the boast of man himself.
Ii must be borne in mind, that if a very early brood of
chicks be desired, for instance, in the months of February
or March, though I consider that the latter month is soon
enough, and more adapted to. secure a good strong brood,
added to which, a Shanghae hen should not be « set” too
early since no dependance can be placed upon her keeping
to her young beyond a month, or at the most five weeks ;
and as we frequently experience cold and wet after that
period, it is sure death to chickens, when compelled to run
about half naked and alone, with no protection from the
damp and cold; therefore, if early broods be desired, then
set apart for “ mothers” some other class of fowl—Game, _
Dorking, or almost any other class, but not the Spanish or
Polish to hatch your Shanghae eggs, whereby, you will
ensure a brood against mischances. It will be found, in
general, that cockerels take after the mother’s side in form
and colour, whilst the pullerets favour the father chiefly in
those particulars ; nevertheless, as may be gathered from
some of the preceeding observations, their antecedent cros-
sings, when crossings occurred, possess a powerful influ-
ence upon the colour of chicks, so that it is quite possible
aa an eaRNNRaSSII
— rn
54 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
to breed from two light-coloured birds, and yet obtain
dark broods, arismg from the circumstance that the pro-
genitors of the two breeding fowls have been crossed or
bred from fowls of a darker hue.
The full grown cock weighs from 9 to 12Ibs., the hen,
7 to 8; in height, the male bird stands from 22 to 25
inches, the female from 16 to 20; this difference may
be generally accounted for thus, being but slow in getting
feather, when they are hatched during the months of
March or April, all the fine weather lies before them,
which they take advantage of to get well feathered and
gain strength before the cold weather arrives, which may
accompany the year’s decline, and if keen winds prevail,
when they have been hatched only a month or two, the
mother hen can generally provide them warmth and shelter
from every detrimental influence ; whereas, if hatched so late
as June, the ensuing winter may attack their naked limbs
before they become well provided with the feathery armour.
Their growth will also much depend upon the manner
of their rearing, whether fed on grain or meal; the un-
crusted corn not being so good for them; whether they
have an ample run in field or meadow, or be cooped up in
a garden or otherwise confined, with other matters which
shall be treated of under a special head, suffice it, that from
what we here have said the reader may form his own con-
clusions on the discrepancy existing in the weight and
height of birds of the same strain and age, but reared
under different circumstances.
SHANGHAES AS DEAD STCCK.
A Cockerel of 3 months old should weigh about 23 Ibs. net ready for the spit.
4 4 to 4hlbs,
A Pulleret 3 to 32Ibs.
A Cockerel 6 : ; Ga 1 be:
; 7 74 to 8lbs.
”
> :
”
SHANGHAES AS DEAD STOCK. 55
The average cost for keep may be set down at three-
pence per pair per week, including all expenses, hatching
and so forth. If but.a brood of seven or eight be reared,
the expenses will become proportionally greater, save
where no dogs nor cats are kept; in sucha case the family
scraps will serve to furnish a considerable item of supply,
in keeping a small number like the last named. If on the
contrary they be numerously kept, or on a farm, three-
pence per pair per week will more than cover the expense.
Asan example of comparative cost and profit, the following
Table is appended :—
TABLE III.
Dr. Gis ;
& Ash dk "eo Sa
Feeding, and other inci- To four pairs of chickens,
dental costs attendant _ weighing 731bs. per pair,
upon. keeping four pairs at 9d. per pound......... Ie -6
of chickens to the age SHI WOSURsee seccarscorc aoe ee beret: 0 16
of four months, at 3d. ————
per head per week ...... 016 0 | Balance of profit ...:4.:.£0 6 6
I have reckoned here ninepence per pound for young
chickens, and in July; this is as low a price as any one
would sell at: and we have also set them down at the least
weight, with fullest scale of costs; and still upon eight
chickens there is gained as much as six shillings and six-
pence profit.
Persons who only keep the lesser quantity of fowl, la-
bour of course under disadvantages, and the costs of keep
are necessarily much higher in proportion to their numbers
than where extensive flocks are reared. The expense
which must necessarily be incurred by but a few will not
be much increased with a greater number; and when the
56 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
costs are spread over an extensive flock, the expense per
head is very small indeed.
Another item on the credit side is, that where so
feathery a subject and so downy a birds as the Shangaes
are kept to any large extent, the feathers can be made to
form a source of further profit.
Nevertheless, be it remembered, a few birds well cared
and provided for will be productive of greater advantages
to the owner than a flock improperly managed. One or
two broods, well and carefully reared, will produce a larger
number of fine specimens than a dozen negligently and
carelessly provided for.
The flavour of the flesh is different in different specimens,
and truly we have tasted some very indifferent. Whilst
some are white and juicy, delicate and finely flavoured,
others are the very reverse. I am, however, quite con-
vinced that with attention, and by fair as well as by full
feeding, Shanghaes may, in almost every instance, be not
only rendered palatable, but really capable of gratifying
the fastidious epicure. (See Part III., pp. 107-8.)
It will enhance considerably their quality and flavour, if
before killing they are deprived of food seven or eight
hours, during which time however they must be placed in
darkness, to prevent or check a detrimental longing after
food; and thus the crop, receiving no addition to its con-
tents, will become empty, and their internal parts quite
free from that offensiveness which often otherwise communi-
cates a taint to the entire flesh—a grossness which the
process of cooking does not always entirely overcome.
CONSTITUTION.
The Shanghae, being a hardy race of fowl, is subject to
few diseases, by croup or roup seldom effected (where
CONSTITUTION OF THE SHANGHAE. 57
common attention is bestowed), for which alone, setting
aside the virtues and utilities on which we have been
dwelling, their introduction into this country was a valua-
ble boon to Britain. Whilst as a further claim which these
peculiar birds possess upon our regards, is the coincidence
that their propitious advent into England seemed to signa-
lize an epoch whence we may date those general, simulta-
neous, and successful efforts which are now bidding fair to
render poultry one of the staple productions of the United
Kingdom, and in national utility and importance, as well
as evidencing that rare tact, sagacious management,
and indomitable perseverance, distinguishing our British
breeders of all kinds of stock in such an eminent degree,
as makes them both the pride and boast of England, the
admiration of the world, and patterns to agriculturists of
every clime. In general estimation, « poultry ” will
shortly stand almost as proudly, and proportionably as
high, as “ cattle.”
We heartily hope and confidently predict, that through
the well-directed and enlightened efforts of contemporary
associations, working harmoniously towards one common
point, the enthusiastic emulation wisely excited by the
honorary prizes and pecuniary rewards bestowed upon the
fortunate—but not more fortunate than meritorious—com-
petitors at our poultry shows—seconded, and as a neces-
sary consequence, completely carried out by individual
exertions to the farthest limits of attention, enterprise,
_ and industry—such an enormous aggregate of success must
necessarily result, that native supplies of food for human
sustenance will so abundantly increase, articles of food,
formerly, and even at this day quite inacessible to the
multitude, and much too dear to form a common item in
the marketing accounts of even respectable housekeepers,
E
"58 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
—food nevertheless nutritious as it is dainty, luxurious as
it is wholesome—will become as common to the common
people, as abundant to the entire community, as it is at
present common to none.
It must be fully evident—being completely verified by
the success which has invariably attended the domestica-
tion in this country of the various breeds which own a
foreign origin—that our own country is as favourable to
the production and increase of Fowl as any in the universe.
DISEASES OF THF SHANGHAE.
The principal diseases to which this class of Fowl is
peculiarly lable are—white-speckled comb, apoplexy,
paralysis, and twisted tail.
In common with other fowls, Shanghaes are liable to
corns. These are often occasioned by their having nothing
softer to be constantly walking on than gravel. To this
material, good in its proper place, fowls must not be con-
fined ; it is most necessary that a portion of their “ run”
should be a plot of grass. Let Shanghaes, or any other
fowl, be properly provided with a moderate grass-run, and
corns will seldom grow beneath their feet. We have said
“seldom” quite advisedly, for there is one more cause
from whence these corns may spring, and that is perching
too high. Compel them to descend from such a height as
brings their weight heavily upon the ground, and those
excrescences will soon appear upon their feet. Elsewhere
we deprecate the use of roosts raised to too great a height,
and therefore need not here repeat the reason which we
gave against their elevation. When hammocks are dis-
covered to be most convenient dormitories for our aldermen,
then Shanghaes may be compelled to perch on elevated
roosts.
Rib aienriomemy- worms
DISEASES OF THE SHANGHAE. 59
Some persons who rear Shanghaes are much alarmed
for them on account of the peculiar barrenness of feather,
which attends the chickens if they be hatched late in the
season. ‘This barrenness, however, need not occasion fear-
ful anticipations on their behalf. We have before remarked
upon the backwardness of feather in the young Shanghae ;
and where your chickens are in an evidently healthy state,
be well assured their lack of outward covering denotes not
anything of import further than as a practical illustration
of the consequences that will follow hatching at a period
when the season is advanced, and the peculiarities of the
class. These observations must not be considered to apply
in cases where disease has caused the feather to fall off:
when such, however, is the case, the symptoms will not be
confined to barrenness; but as disease, in which a drop-
ping off of feather is an accompaniment, is incidental to
all classes of our domestic fowl, that portion of the subject
must be reserved for the particular portion of our work
treating of their diseases generally. Barrenness of feather
is likewise the natural consequence of breeding stags with
pullets: the breeding from birds themselves imperfect in
feather necessarily results in the offspring being still more
imperfectly feathered, and of protracted growth. There is
as much perceptible difference between the appearance of
the coats of young Shanghaes produced from mature fowls,
and those of pullets and stags, as exists between the
former and our other fowls.
A symptomatic disorder of some considerable frequency
in the Shanghae is the “ white-speckled comb,” the accom-
panying appearances of which consist in small white spots
scattered in patches on the surface of the comb. However,
this is not, as is most commonly supposed, a local ailment ;
consequently it is completely useless to confine the treat-
cnn seen eee
ST 2 aes
ES IER SAT
.
i
ease
EIRP EN SEERA EER PRE a. ee ee EE te
————— Ee
60 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ment for it to the affected part, since the incipient cause is
elsewhere to be found. The appearances alluded to are
occasioned by excessive internal heat, frequently caused by
hot and stimulating food, at other times arising from reple-
tion, but quite as frequently from the fowls being forced
to drink dirty and unwholesome water. Again, it some-
times springs from general uncleanliness, or it will be
induced by any cause creating costiveness, a state of body
Shanghaes are somewhat liable to fall into. This foul
condition will first appear upon the comb, but does not
long confine itself to that locality, and if severe will spread,
and in the sequel rot the feathers, which thence drop off
in bunches from the bird.
In this complaint, from whichsoever of these sources it
may spring, the outward application of oil to the affected
parts will never be attended with the slightest benefit.
We are aware that this assertion may be looked upon as
incorrect by some who have resorted to such remedial
measures. They have gone on and persevered in dressing
the affected parts with oils and what not, and at length the
bird has, it is true, recovered; but the fact was this—
while they were operating outwardly, and at a distance
from the fountain-head of the disorder, Nature herself was
busily affecting a more wholesome state of things inside,
and when she had at length put out the fire raging within,
the smoke which had been issuing from it of necessity dis-
appeared. But the comb, as already mentioned, is not the
only part affected, seeing it originates from the heat and
impurity of the blood, and if not timely prevented, its
operations extend to the neck, where it spreads and re-
moves the feathers in patches, as in the moulting season,
with this difference, however, in the latter fresh arrivals
soon became apparent ; but in the disease in question the
DISEASES OF THE SHANGHAE. 61
feathers are rotted from the stumps which remain in,
thereby rendering the growth of the new impossible. Oils
may allay irritation and render the feathers more durable,
but external applications are absolutely useless, save as
auxiliary emollients following upon other remedies, when
the inducing causes have begun to cease in their effects;
and even then the advantage of using oils is doubtful,
unless the patients be separated from their companions,
being attended with the liability of attracting other fowls
to peck the anointed parts.
Chickens, alike with full grown fowls, are subject to its”
ravages, but are far more susceptible to a lengthened
and protracted attack. The fact is, the inducing causes of
this complaint are an incipient state of apoplexy, whilst
freedom from this disorder is indicated by a healthy appear-
ance of the comb.
Remedy.—Cut. off all supplies of grain, hard or stimu-
lating food; provide soft diet, as oatmeal and bran, or coarse
middlings mixed in cold water to considerable consistence,
—allow green meat,—also well mix half-a-teaspoonful of
flour-of-sulphur in the water pan, and allow no other
liquid. (Peas and beans are not only bad, but will often
bring on this disease.) .
Apoplexy.—To the effects of this disorder Shanghaes
are peculiarly liable, naturally resulting from a short thick
neck, in connexion with a capacious full habit of body and
voracious appetite. The first indications are a frequent
twiching of the head, a restlessness in that compartment, a
constant change in its inclination or bearing, first this and
then that position, as though clearing the brain from fee]-
ings and sensations of stupor; frequent blinking of the
eyes, with slow aldermanic motions of the body members,
induced by aldermanic feeding and condition, and fre-
62 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
quently resulting in a sudden rush of blood to the head,
overpowering the brain, when speedy death ensues; there
is no remedy when once seized, as life becomes extinct in a
few moments; still, previous to the actual fit, if one or
other of the indications before alluded to be observable, the
following preventive means should be immediately em-
ployed. After removing a few feathers from the upper
part of the back of the neck, near the head, place two
leeches thereon for the space of two minutes from the time
they first “take,” when the blood may be observed, and
if of a light colour, they should be removed; but if inclining
to black their presence is required for three minutes in
addition, at the end of which time they may be removed;
a little short down from the birds person may then be
plucked and placed over the wound, and the bird removed
to a separate compartment away from companions, or the
appearance of blood may engender strife. Every heating,
or stimulating description of food, also such as is of a
fattening nature, as well as grain and hard food, should be
avoided, whilst coarse middlings and green meat, in a
crude state, may be given freely with steamed oats occa-
sionally, taking equal care to keep the bowels freely, but
not excessively open by the use of oil. Where a resort to
the medicine chest is necessary, one teaspoon-full of castor-
oil, as a dose, will be found the safest and most active
remedy.
Paralysis—mainly issues from two sources, viz., a gouty
habit of body brought on by high feeding, and may be
traced to the same cause as that which produces apoplexy,
the difference being in this case, the pedal limbs become
affected instead of the head. It frequently occurs, a hen
whilst suffering from this disease, in its first stages, appears
in other respects healthy and well: the comb may be of
~
DISEASES OF THE SHANGHAE. 63
the healthiest hue, eyes bright, feathers close, appetite still
keen, and yet unable to rise in the nest prepared for her ;
but the after effect is somewhat different; by degrees the
appetite fails. But why? because digestion has been over-
taxed; this is the last effort of nature to effect a cure. A
body already too full of humour is, however, crammed ; in-
digestion follows one, two, and frequently three days ex-
pire, before the food so administered, passes through its
necessary stages, when the hen usually retires from the
scene, being unable any longer to bear up against the
stroke. Remedy.—The removal of the seat of the disorder,
as before adverted in apoplexy, will effect the required
influence over the power of the muscles, if taken in time,
but when once brought helpless before the fire, although
the same means as in that disease are the only applications
calculated to prove beneficial, yet restoration is extremely
protracted under the most favourable circumstances.
The other main cause of paralysis arises from damp, or
exposure to draughts, or wet when full in moult, producing
loss of appetite ; in this case, equally important with the
former, is the removal of the origin and cause of the
attack, but immediate remedial measures are necessary to
prevent an unfavourable result. The indications of its
existence are a staggering of the entire frame, general
debility, loss of all muscular power in the leg as though
paralyzed, causing a retrogade motion of the body, a great
and rapid reduction in weight, and thereby a tangible pro-
trubrance of the breast bone. Remedy.—Removal to a dry
warm apartment, regular feeding, with soft and nourishing
diet, such as parboiled rice, oat, or barley-meal, and warm
milk, if the latter meal about one-fourth part bran should
be mixed with it which will render it less doughy and easier
of digestion—should be given in small quantities, but with
mn Ee DE RTH AAP POT rr esterase
= : eee ae nee
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64 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
frequency throughout the day, and water, in which a few
blades of saffron have remained until the medicinal virtues
have been extracted, should be supplied.
Twisted or Lateral Curvature of the Tail.—This ws
mity is not by any means peculiar to Shanghaes, all fowls
are subject to this malformation (especially the produce of
in and in breeding). It is an organic disease taking a local
form, its name indicating the appearance it produces. Fowls
confined to limits insufficient to afford that amount of
vigorous, and thorough exertion, which instinct urges most
animals to take when left unconstrained, if occasionally
turned out upon a large grass “run,” for only limited
periods are very prone—especially when young—to abuse
the privilege by running about so furiously and inces-
santly while at liberty, as to exert too great a strain upon
the tail, brought mto excessive use while balancing the
body over rough and uneven ground, and results in an
unfortunate sprain and contraction of the muscles on the
same side as that on which it bends—no external or in-
ternal application can prove effective whilst the cause
remains; but, if well “ walked” upon even ground, they
may grow out of it by degrees. I will here observe,
poultry of every class should be permitted to enjoy the
utmost amount of exercise circumstances will permit—not
as a luxury, and only now and then, but as a constant
daily practice. Elsewhere we intend to enlarge upon the
reasons that can be assigned for this mode of treatment,
which differs somewhat from the practice of some breeders
of considerable eminence; meantime let the reader act upon
the recommendation, as best calculated to insure to his
poultry both good feather and full health.
When kept fasting, the Shanghae, being very bedae e if
given hard dry — is apt to eat too voraciously, and
DISEASES OF ‘THE SHANGHAE. 64*
thereby cause indigestion. Where the former has occurred,
care should be taken that the meat consists of only a small
quantity of soft food, such as meal, &c., and as with apo-
plexy course middlings and green meat, either crude or
boiled, should be supplied; in the latter case, administer
ten grains of jallap in the form of a pull, but only resort to
drugs where the case is very obstinate. In administering
this drug we prefer mixing it in a small quantity of
tempting food, in order that it may be bolted so effectually
as to prevent its rejection from the stomach when once it
has been taken; but to do this, the dose must be so small
as to be capable of being swallowed at a gulp. Some
breeders, while they adopt the same medicine, prefer to
mix it in a greater quantity of food, but if that quantity
be sufficient to neutralize its nauseousness, you hazard
neutralizing also the proper action of the physic itself.
The next disorder, “ Rupture of the Foot,” requires
some preliminary remarks before giving an exposition of
its symptoms, and the mode of treatment necessary to be
adopted. This wound—for such it in reality is—originates
in the following circumstances :—In Hong-Kong, Shan-
_ ghae, and the other provinces of China where the Shanghae
_ is indigenous, the colour of this fowl is utterly disregarded,
“ buffs” and “cinnamons” being almost unknown. In
England, on the contrary, these colours are especially the
fancy, and the rage for them induces some dishonest dealers,
when unable to procure the true specimen, to resort to
stratagem for the purpose of furnishing a supply sufficient
for the demands of the market.
The lightest-coloured Shanghae cocks are selected, espe-
cial preference being given to such as exhibit the least
trace of black upon the neck-hackle; and these are
matched with first-rate “squatty” white Dorking hens,
the result of the cross being, that some of the chicks take
F
a
65 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
after the Dorking mother, others after the Shanghae father.
Some, again, take after the mother in respect to colour,
while assuming the form and character of the Shanghae
(these latter are particular favourites); the remainder will
appear of an unsettled, mottled, mixed feather, with
features inherited indifferently from both parents. The
favourites are again mated with Shanghaes, and the pro-
duce in like manner; and, upon the authority of several
distinguished breeders, added to proofs in our own pos-
session, we can vouch for the fact, that from the pro-
ceeds of these beautiful “buff” and “cinnamon” specimens
are sometimes obtained.
Absence of colour in the white Dorking hen tends to
diminish colour in the produce of the union between her
and the Shanghae cock, which by degrees reduces and
tones down to that pale tint so much admired. But it so
happens, in certain instances these fictitious birds will show
the extra claw of the Dorking breed; to obviate this diffi-
culty, the obnoxious member is amputated within a few
days of hatching, and to this circumstance is to be attri-
buted the wound or outbreak of which we are treating.
Generally the wound is quickly healed, as are most
injuries received by birds upon their pedal limbs; but
occasionally, the deprivation of this claw being effected
within so short a period of birth, wounds break out after
the cut was apparently healed, and assume the form of
ulcerated scales. :
Several communications on this point are now before us;
in one, the bird is represented to have been purchased
before the age of three months, at which time he seemed
to be perfectly well, and sound upon his legs, although our
correspondent confesses to neglecting that examination of
the shanks, which, together with a scrutiny of other points,
should always be made before a purchase is effected. In
DISEASES OF THE SHANGHAE. 6s
about four weeks he began to exhibit symptoms of lame-
ness, which continued and increased during the succeeding
month, and by that time a wound appeared upon the
shank, over the fourth claw. Upon examination, only one
leg seemed to be suffering absolute injuries, whilst the
lameness apparent in the other was, nevertheless, much
more observable, and at the expiration of three weeks both
shanks exhibited the “breaking out,” which spread also
considerably upward.
This certainly is a severe case; but two other communi-
cations show also symptoms similar enough to establish an
identity of cause—exhibit evident traces of originating in
one common source. Why breeders should thus cut and
mutilate the bird in so unnecessary a manner we cannot
conceive, seeing, they must be well aware, that the extra
claw is to be found even in fowls imported from Shanghae
direct, besides in numerous bare-legged, but first-rate birds,
brought from Hong-Kong and other parts of China. From
the last-mentioned place we some time since received two
specimens of the greatest beauty, yet possessed of the
additional claw. :
To return, however, to the sore point itself. We recom-
mend that as soon as the bird is seen to be at all lame, he
should be subjected to a strict examination, to decide
whether the dealer’s craft has produced that effect. Should
such be the case, the affected part should be bound up; if
the symptoms afterwards assume an inflammatory character,
poultices must be applied for a few days. At the expira-
tion of that time the wound should be bound round with a.
small piece of dry linen, to prevent foreign matters coming
in contact and producing inflammation. It appears to me
to indicate the existence of nature’s efforts in the repro-
duction of the lost member, seeing until the bird becomes
full grown he is subject to the occasional outbreak.
FERGUSON ON FOWE,
THE SPANISH FOW}.
HISTORY OF THE SPANISH.
Brrore entering upon the subject of the peculiar cha-
racteristics possessed by this invaluable fowl, a preliminary
inquiry should be instituted as to the causes whence it has
derived so definite a geographical name, seeing that not in
Spain alone, but throughout vast regions outspreading
towards the eastern and northern parts of Europe, exten-
sive flocks of fowl belonging to this class are naturalized
and reared. Why Spain should be thus honoured with
the exclusive privilege of furnishing a patronymic for this
bird becomes a legitimate subject for investigation, now
that Cochin-China’s right to name our emigrants from the
Celestial Empire has been made the subject of dispute.
The fowl called Spanish is not a Spanish aboriginal, but
was first brought from the West Indies by the merchants
of Spain, and through them naturalized and propagated in
that country; thence the European markets generally
were in turn supplied and stocked; the name is therefore
a misnomer. These birds differed from the present Spanish,
masmuch as the circuit of face was not nearly so large,
neither was the colour of the face so milky white, whilst
the feet and shanks were much darker. We find that,
previous to the introduction of the bird in question, a
diminutive species, known by the name of the “ Maux,”
was the most common class of poultry reared by the in-
habitants of Spain; these two were crossed together,
HISTORY OF THE SPANISH. 66*
varieties were thence produced, and the present sub-varie-
ties of the Spanish fowl are partly the result. In Holland,
previous to the naturalization of the Spanish fowl, a do-
mesticated bird—in colour a dun, or bluish slate—though
much inferior to the Spanish, prevailed; but if we carefully
observe the variations in this latter class, it becomes evident
such differences are the production of admixture with the
primitive breed.
Of first-rate specimens, Spain at the present day can
make but little boast; whilst from the Netherlands may be
obtained birds of the greatest beauty as to form and feather,
and of the highest value as regards quality and breed.
And notwithstanding Holland was originally supplied by
Spain, the mixed varieties previously propagated in the
latter country were quite sufficient to procure in time a
cross and mixture, which defies all effort to detect in them
any resemblance to the original stock, unless acquainted
intimately with the nature, form, and habits of the bird.
The Spanish fowl has long been naturalized in Great
Britain with great success; and, considering the high per-
fection it has attained, we presume we are justified in
asserting that the fact corroborates what we in our article
upon the Shanghae advanced, that England’s climate, with
Englishmen’s care, is as well adapted to the genus “ Fowl”
as any in the world. ‘That the particular class of poultry
brought from the Indies was a primitive breed is amply
evident; but that birds bearing the name of Spanish,
though far from being purely of that breed, possessing
neither their beauty nor good qualities, do in the present
day prevail, is certain; whilst there are others which,
although not literally belonging to the primitive stock,
being unquestionably an admixture, are nevertheless upon
a perfect footing of equality, and, if intrinsic value be the
67 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
criterion of rank, justify, by their good qualities, the name
of Spanish.
VARIETIES.
in England many genuine birds have met with crosses,
more or less resembling one or other of their progenitors,
and in course of time a name has been appropriated to the
offspring, as though each were a separate species. On this
account we will describe at length their several peculiari-
ties, although, in consequence of the innumerable crosses
that have occurred, it were a work of supererogation to
describe the pedigree of such a heterogeneous multitude;
for when crosses have occurred, the form, colour, and
general appearance of a brood of chicks, even of the same
blood, differ extensively from each other. There are the
Whites, Anconas, Minorcas, Andalusian, Maux, Tasselled,
Double-combed, and the Blacks, besides a sub-variety
perfectly black, save that it shows a little white upon the
breast. The cock of this latter, so noble in appearance, so
regal in his carriage, is a very majestic bird; his pictu-
resque and florid comb is of a blood-red colour, and abun-
dantly serrated; a tuft of black fluff covers the ears and
part of the face, and behind the comb arises a small tassel ;
there is also a similar cluster beneath the wattles. The
eyes are partially encircled with a few projecting feathers
of a brownish hue; the legs are of a dull leaden colour ;
and the soles of the feet are a decided yellow.
A pair of these birds was imported from Holland to a
friend of ours, who assured me he entertained a full con-
viction of their being an original variety, having success-
fully bred from them for the last four years, and none of
the broods so obtained differed in any respect, in form or
colour, from the parent birds. This appears to prove the
VARIETIES OF THE SPANISH. ey
probability of his opinion. However, still further to
strengthen and confirm such conclusion, let him persist
in breeding the fowls for a series of years; and if the same
success results, it will demand both our serious considera-
tion and strictest investigation into the minutia of the
subject. Until then we must be allowed to retain our
opinion on the subject, which is, that they will ultimately
prove to be merely cross birds. We believe the Polish
fowl has been intermeddling here, since many of its habits
and actions are manifest, and it is evident that the hens
evince greater inclination to incubate than the genuine
Spanish fowl: in this is displayed a strong characteristic _
. of the Polish genera when crossed.
. Whites inherit the usual qualities and peculiarities of
| the Black; but the general feather being of the same
colour as the face, they present no strong reflections of
light and shade, as do the Spanish fowl, and no strong
contrasts, for which the Blacks are peculiarly distinguished.
When kept in good airy and healthy situations, they pre-
sent, however, a very delicate and refined appearance;
and it should be remembered, that there are some who
do not admire strong contrasts, but prefer a subdued and
settled delicacy, especially, as is the case with these birds,
if their milk-white feather isr elieved by a healthy vermilion
comb, with sparkling, joyful eyes; the legs and feet also
form a partial relief, from being more or less dark. These
birds are not usually so hardy as the Blacks, but are fre-
‘ quently bred from, as well as reared with, the latter.
Blacks bred from Whites are in general as hardy as the
primitive variety of Blacks, while the Whites bred from
the Blacks are not so hardy as the latter, showing a pecu-
liarity resulting more from colour than constitution. Here
we must again pause to make one remark. We have
age AE vinliibllviionisispOvbcipilissacclinaseeiaanililiindedaabitictliGes
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68 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
known instances, and therefore can corroborate the testi-
mony of those who have asserted the fact, that the black
Spanish fowl has moulted white jn plumage, but at the
same time has thrown black chicks,
We know an experimental and successful breeder of
Spanish fowl, who has frequently carried off the “ palm of
victory” from our poultry shows, who, some years since,
for experiment, paired a white Pile game cock with a
Spanish hen, and most of the pullerets resulting therefrom
resembled the father, whilst the cockerels more or less took
afterthemother. Again, he selected from the pullerets those
most resembling the Spanish, and placed them with one of
his own purely black Spanish cocks, from the issue of
which he selected the purely black pullerets, and bred them
with a fine Spanish cock: this was practised for several
successive years, until he at length obtained Separate prizes
for three of the produce, as pure Black Spanish. Since
that period some white-coloured birds have occasionally
appeared in his broods: those which came white from such
stock invariably took after the old Pile ansestors, as dis-
turbers of the peace, as well as in constitution, but in no
other respect showing the white face and ear-lobe as full ag
in any of the Blacks.
There are but few of the White Spanish produced from
such a cross as this; but still we are assured that the birds,
however fine their appearance, if they moult speckled white,
or complete white, have either been bred in and in, and
so produced rottenness of feather, or at some remote
and unknown period been crossed by a white species,
although the event has long transpired, and the greatest
vigilance employed in breeding from a pure species has
ultimately restored them to their perfect colour. The
Game fowl is the only bird that can be put to the test,
st i eR
VARIETIES OF THE SPANISH. 68*
whether really genuine or otherwise. We once knew of a
bird being chosen for the combat by a breeder, to make up
a number, and its appearance indicated all that the best
breeders considered essential as to qualifications, action,
&e., and obtained universal approval. Such appearance
and exterior must indicate neither flaw nor imperfection ;
and, rely on it, the breeders of Game fowls would neither
overlook nor excuse a defect, for, of all men, they are the
most practical and particular in breeding fowls, and much
may be learned from them. When this bird had proceeded
but half way through the battle, he dropped his tail, and
made a sudden retreat, and, as they say, “cried for his
mother.” What does this prove, but that appearances
may deceive? The bird above alluded to was in perfect
health, had been running master in a country walk for a
period of eighteen months, and had been carefully bred
from a stock possessed by the breeder for five years’ past;
but, from the above circumstance, the owner entertained
the conviction that previously an injudicious cross must
have taken place; he therefore wrung the bird’s neck,
and, as the requirements of his table demanded the fowl
sacrifices, so the whole of the “strain” received similar
treatment.
Much as we disapprove of applying this test: to our birds,
we cannot refrain from mentioning the fact, that however
good a bird may be in appearance, no proof exists in that
alone, as to whether he is really genuine. If, however,
the chicks show well, and no signs of a cross appear for
mInany successive years, the best of proofs is therein fur-
nished.
The Ancona, of all sub-varieties, show too clearly the
results of a cross. There seldom is much white about the
face, and in many cases none; the ear-lobe is, however, of
69 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
that colour, though not so long and full as in the Black.
The comb and gills are generally more pendant, and if
examined, the former will be found more deeply serrated,
and thrown towards the base; but they possess the general
characteristics of the Spanish class, and are good layers.
They are of a very unsettled colour, spotted with white,
but far from regularly marked; they also present many
other shades and colours.
Minoreas are also very similar to the last named, lacking
the white face of the Black variety, but possessing their
long and well-covered head and suspended wattles. The
ear-lobe is white, but in very few instances of a clear cast,
but verging towards the side into a somewhat flesh-coloured
tint. ‘The shank is not so long as in the true Black, and
there is not that especial dignity of bearing so much ad-
mired in that variety. They are good layers, but bad
sitters and mothers. As they are so common in many of
the inland counties, they do not require minute descrip-
tion. In Devonshire especially, Minorcas are very abun-
dant, but in the majority of instances nothing more can be
observed in them than in a common Black fowl; indeed,
they are rapidly degenerating, little pains being taken to
improve, or even keep up, the stock: when this 1s the case,
such must ever be the result.
The Andalusian is unquestionably a cross of the grey
Maux, the now extinct aborigines of Spain. When care-
fully selected, the chicks thrown black and white, and
those most resembling the originals, bred together, a neat
(bluish grey) bird may be obtained. They are good layers,
and better sitters and mothers than the Blacks (still not to
be depended upon), and have shorter shanks; whilst their
principal peculiarity consists in a tail standing very erect,
the feathers of which, in many specimens, nearly touch the
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VARIETIES OF THE SPANISH. 69*
hackle feathers of the neck. The Andalusian variety is
generally well plumed, and the chickens are quicker in
feathering than the Blacks. They are good feeders, and
may be very easily and quickly fattened, the flesh being
excellent. The cheek of this fowl is more or less coloured,
‘and from among the same brood of chicks we have invari-
ably found the darkest birds possess the whitest faces;
they are a very hardy fowl, and possess a fair share of the
Black’s good qualities.
The Maux is the original domesticated species of Spain:
we have seen but one specimen of the class, and believe it
to be extinct. They are of a bluish grey cast of colour,
and do not present a white face, but possess white ear-
lobes, which are rather full, compared to other varieties of
domestic fowl, although less than in the Black Spanish.
They have large comb and wattles; are somewhat short
about the leg, both in shank and thigh-joint; and are
smaller in body, exhibiting white quills in the wing
feathers.
There are many other sub-varieties, or different coloured
varieties, which have crossed with the Spanish proper, but
they neither deserve nor enjoy a distinct name. ‘These
are to be found in many of the countries bordering on the
_ Mediterranean Sea, are scattered throughout the inland
countries, and even in England there are heterogeneous
breeds which have evidently been crossed by Spanish, and
bear more or less resemblance to that fowl, as may be
observed in passing through the streets or suburbs of
London. = :
The true Black Spanish is a most strikingly original and
very beautiful bird; one of the few which, without the
slightest hesitation, we can affirm to be a really distinct
class of domestic fowl. The peculiar characteristics dis-/
70 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
tinguishing them have undoubtedly been much more fully
developed by the breeding in and in with such specimens
as were of the highest character, and with others equally
eminent; but their ancestors possessed similar peculiarities,
although not in so high a degree. We regard the Spanish
fowl of the present day as being the result of culture
carried to a great extent, and a proof of the highest and
most careful breeding.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE.
A full-grown Spanish cock weighs from 64 to 7 pounds;
the hen from 54 to 6 pounds. The former stands from 21
to 22 inches in height (this may, however, be exceeded);
the latter, about 19 inches. The principal features, and
those which form the most striking contrasts to other
fowls, are their complete suit of glossy-black, large face
and ear-lobe of the purest white, enlivened by comb and
gills red as coral, and of extreme development. The pecu-
luriarities of these contrasts compel us to describe them in
detail. The plumage is of a rich raven black, throwing up
lights of bluish and greenish purple when exposed to the
sun’s rays; the feathers of the breast, belly, and thighs,
are black, and particularly decided in their hue. The hens
are of a similar feather, but less brilliant. The face and
ear-lobes of pearly whiteness, especially the latter should
not be of a bluish tint or fleshy hue; the face should ex-
tend above the eye, encircle it, and meet the comb; it still
increases as the bird grows older, continuing to enlarge in
size (especialky with hens, which seldom have a really good
show of face until two years of age), even beyond the time
of their full growth; and the more face and ear-lobe, the
more valuable the specimen is considered in either cock or
hen. They should never he found “blushing;” red
THE SPANISH.—CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE. 70*
blushing hens should be especially avoided. The comd of
the cock should be single, very large, erect (the more erect
the better), of a coral redness, and serrated, and extend
almost to the nostrils; with hens, this uprightness of comb
cannot be attained, owing, not only to its abundant size,
but to its thinness at the base, being at that part very
slight, compared to the cock’s; it should be fine in texture,
and exhibit no sign of excrescences. The wattles are sin-
gularly long, pendulous, of high colour, and neatly folded.
The head is long, but neat in appearance (there should be
no top-knot behind the comb, neither muff round the neck),
The deak is long, and generally of a black colour, though
towards the middle is often observed a small patch of a
lighter hue; it should be slightly curved, and thick at the
base. The eyes are very full, bright, and of a rich choco-
late or chestnut colour; rather prominent, beautifully suit-
able to the white face, and harmoniously blend with the
entire plumage. The zeck is rather long, but strong and
thick towards the base, the neck-hackle being of a
glossy black; if any trace of red or white is visible, the
specimens should be excluded, with all of the same descrip-
tion, from the poultry-yard, and placed at the cook’s
disposal. The chest and body are broad and black, the
former being particularly decided in its hue. The wings
are of moderate size, and much longer than those of the
Shanghae fowl, but shorter than in the Game, whilst the
coverts are beautifully shaded, and of a bluish-black.
Bluish plumage Spanish are considered very superior as
fancy birds to those of a greenish hue, and the nearer they
approach the raven cast the more admired. The thighs are
neat, but long, as also is the shank, presenting both toge-
ther, a rather long leg; the shank is of a leaden colour, or
dark blue, but sometimes of a pale blue white; but speci-
al FERGUSON ON FOWL.
mens which exhibit dark blue and white on the legs must
be dismissed. The soles of the feet are of a dingy flesh
colour. The ¢ail is rather erect, well balanced, and finely
adjusted, presenting Gf well plumed, as it should be) a
very elegant green-hued shade, and sparkling with metallic
lustre when exposed to the sun’s rays; in the hen, the tail
is long, full, and well squared.
The general form and position of the Spanish fowl is
very lofty and upright; the tail rather erect ; the bearing
being the reverse of the Shanghae fowl, as the back of the
latter bird inclines upwards, while the front parts have a
contrary tendency, thereby forming extraordinary large
proportions behind, whilst the back of the Spanish "fowl
passes sharply downwards. They are very proportionate,
and altogether display a grave and majestic deportment,
-while their general bearing is replete with grace, coupled
with a beautifully symmetrical form.
CONSTITUTION.
The constitution of the Spanish is good and sound, but
as they are more liable than the generality of other fowl
to be injured by cold, it is imperative their roosting-houses
should face the south, so that they may be protected
from the cold winds; more especially as they require a
large amount of warmth, in consequence of the long and
protracted moulting to which they are subject. The cold
affects their comb also, which is occasionally frost-bitten,
with a liability to mortification. Another malady to which
the Spanish fowl is particularly liable, is that of producing
soft, or non-shelled eggs; this, however, will be treated of
under the head of “ Diseases.”
The Spanish is a hardy bird, and well adapted for town
life; in fact, I scarcely know of any species so ably quali-
DISPOSITION OF THE SPANISH. #8 sd
fied to withstand the effects of smoke as the Spanish fowl,
for they will retain their beauty of plumage in almost any
situation, the colour being so peculiarly suitable for repel-
ling every detrimental effect. Moreover, the white face is :
~ not soon affected, as the feather forms so strong a contrast
as to almost defy the stain of smoke being rendered percep-
tible. Where smoke is prevalent, eggs are invariably valu-
able; and for this reason the hen which lays the greatest
number of eggs is the most desirable fowl; moreover, the
Spanish will bear confinement equally as well as the
« Shanghaes.” They (as is the case with the generality of
black fowls) are less liable to roup than are lighter-coloured
birds; in fact, the Spanish fowl is less subject to this dis-
ease than are most of the black varieties. Although we
have recommended them as good fowls for town, neverthe-
less we can at the same time fully guarantee that they will
behave themselves well in the country also, where, if in
the enjoyment of a grass walk, they will amply reward
their owners by their truly elegant appearance, as well as
by their bountiful production of eggs.
/
DISPOSITION,
The Spanish fowl is not pugnaciously inclined, and
although two may be kept together, they will rarely fight
or quarrel; nevertheless, they are very averse to strangers,
and if only separated for one or two days, will disagree
seriously among themselves upon being re-united; and
after having battled for the pre-eminence, or in case the
master hen should still hold that position, she will follow
up the privilege of authority by harassing strangers, until
perfectly well assured of having firmly established her :
wonted authority. Subsequently to this mode of proce-
dure, she will again form intimacy with all her associates
72 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
indiscriminately ; which proves she may be passionately
excitable, but not revengeful, merely paying her current
debts, not cherishing nor hoarding up malice.
PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE SPANISH.
The eggs of the Spanish are, as previously observed, very
large, the produce of mature hens averaging 2? ozs. each,
and are particularly delicious in flavour—many exceptional
cases occur of weights considerably beyond this being de-
posited in the nest, but taking the average 23 ozs. may be
considered a fair estimate; they are, invariably, of a clear
and pure white colour, with a very smooth surface. The
Spanish are free layers, generally producing two eges con-
secutively, and then missing a day. Pullerets generally
commence laying at the age of six or seven months,
and occasionally before that time, whilst some later. I
would here just remark that good housing and feeding
have very much to do with the promotion of laying;
the same is also greatly affected by hatching sufficiently
early to insure a warm coat before the setting in of cold
weather, which very considerably retards the operations
of the ovarium. I have frequently found that those
pullerets which commenced laying before the age of six
months, when arrived at perfection, seldom produced
such large eggs as those which had not laid before they
were seven months old; indeed, I prefer the latter age,
which, in after years, abundantly makes up for former
backwardness. arly laying appears to be but a pre-
cociousness produced by stimulating food, or by fowls being
too highly fed. From records, we have for some years
kept concerning the several ages at which our hens have
commenced laying, we are provided with abundant proof
that many fowls which at first pleased us by laying before
PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE SPANISH. 723%
the age of six months, proved to be more subject than
others to defection in the avarium, besides being more fre-
quently troublesome through their production of shell-less
_ eggs, with a soft layer only that could be squeezed to any
form, although a perfect egg might be laid by the same
hen at another time. From subsequent observation and
experiment, we find that such hens are frequently incapa-
ble of producing a sufficiency of calcareous matter within,
: a ere oe
‘FAC-SIMILE OF THE “SPANISH” EGG.
to form coverings for an abundance of eggs. I have be-
fore me, from a practical correspondent, a communication
expressing sentiments similar to those advanced, with this
addition, that he has received from his friends numerous
hens which have been renounced on account of this sup-
posed incurable malady; namely, the production of shell-
less eggs or non-shelled egos; and has invariably succeeded
in effectually curing them by the following method, one
more likely to prove useful and effective as being simple
G
eer Ey EAP RE
ei eee sae eenteoeeimaneieairssiaass a a rare
seaaiantiacaiould See eee eae ean NT
73 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
and rational :—In lieu of barley, that had heretofore formed
their usual diet, he fed them upon oats; he also adminis-
tered half a teaspoonful of prepared chalk every other
morning by dissolving it in their drinking water; this he
continued for three weeks, giving no oats for breakfast but
coarse middlings wetted up into a stiff mash, in which was
infused two or three tablespoonfuls of old mortar. By :
these means, their weight became gradually reduced, and
being well supplied with brick-rubbish, gravel, and oyster-
shells, they laid more regularly; and at length the ovarium
was reduced to a healthy condition. Being supplied with
no more nourishment than they could procure calcined
matter for, thenceforward every egg came forth well and
firmly shelled. I repeat, that the malady in question is
principally the result of high and abundant feeding ; for if
a hen be too profusely fed she will lack diligence in search-
ing for those minute particles that furnish calcareous mat- —
ter. Spanish fowls are more subject to the disease of
which I have been speaking, than the generality of poul-
try, and for this reason—high feeding should be strictly
avoided.
SPANISH AS LAYERS—COMPARED WITH SHANGHAES,
ETC., ETC.—See Part L.
As regards productiveness, the Spanish are unquestion-
ably of the first order, and surpassed by none saving the
« Shanghaes” which exceed them, however (as shown in
Part I., Table I.), more in the number than in the weight
of eggs produced. We would here observe, that the
Shanghae fowls (the four birds alluded to previously )
during the two years produced 113 ozs. of eg gg-stuff be-
yond the amount yielded by the Spanish, which if brought
SPANISH AS LAYERS, ETC., ETC. ; 73*
into Shanghae eggs of 24 ozs. each amounts to fifty-one
eggs, and being sold at market, as was all the produce of
those birds, at the rate of 5s. 6d. per hundred, the value
of the fifty-one eggs is brought to 2s. 94d. Now the extra
expense of producing this 2s. 94d. by the means of keep-
ing the Shanghae fowls during the two years alluded to
was found to be 10s. 10d. For the convenience of our
readers we furnish them with the following Table :—
TABLE IV.
ee 3 Ot Ss : »
fe |geea| 23 fa 2
we | foe's Bis he] Qa
om |SaFa bo=e— 2 wo 2
ee) Bama d a2 +5 Ox
aes nar glean = fovea a
DE | oes] 9 ws 3's od
Se | MS oo els eS bs
BE |2HES Bus ° ao
oH (HUIS ROS S&§ Se
oo Ce of 5 Dus FS as
so S"eno § =a) he Qa,
eg |Fize>| &e ste ste
45.) BP |. oF “4 S
OZ. x ae Mae ee SIS ee er af
4 Shanghaes ............ 3569 1628) "429233 ore Osiat 4°58
4. Spanish v2 .Nec5.s. 0 o406-) 157i 4" 6-48 69 Ta o> 1S 23
A POPKANGS soos oss sense vs 2892 PotD i 12 eos. | ibd Oo ede 13
Bee OURS sass ast oass 3077 1399 8-16-11 A Ka 1 Ts Pi) baat
We here show that the Spanish produce in two years, as
far as comparative intrinsic value is concerned, is but
2s. 10¢d. behind the Shanghae, ‘whilst the latter, during
the same time, costs 10s. 10d. more to keep, the difference,
therefore, is 7s. 112d. in favour of the Spanish. We here
discover what really is the intrinsic value of the Spanish
eggs, but when sold by the hundred, regardless of weight,
they make a very different return.
The mere selling by the hundred cannot affect such
wh FERGUSON ON FOWL.
intrinsic value, although some say that the value of an
article to the possessor is the amount it realizes. This to
a certain extent is correct, especially as regards substances
possessing little or no real value in themselves through their
absolute or comparative utility, such as diamonds and other
precious stones. Who then obtains the advantage? We
reply the purchaser ; for if they be bought at the rate of
6s. per hundred, regardless of weight, and afterwards are
sold out at a certain price each, according to size, they
evidently prove themselves the more valuable as being of
superior weight, although obtaining at market only 6d. per
hundred extra, which is but a poor return for the 100 half
ounces that 100 Spanish eggs usually weigh over and
above the same number of other fowls’ eggs.
Now, supposing purchasers or consumers to keep fowls,
and that their families are partial to eggs as food, do they
mean to assert that three large Spanish eggs, each weigh-
ing 22 ozs. will go no farther than three Shanghae eggs
weighing only 24 ozs. each, which difference amounts to
nearly 2 ozs. in every three eggs? Certainly not. Span-
ish eggs, therefore, are of greater intrinsic value than those
of the Shanghae, for in round numbers the 100 half ounces
being brought into Shanghae eggs of 21 ozs., produce
twenty-three eggs, which are surely worth more than the
6d. they fetch at market when sold by the hundred. We
therefore assert, that those who keep fowls, take their pro-
duce to market, and sell the eggs at a certain price per
hundred (little difference being made between those which
are light of weight and others that are heavier), are not the
persons who derive benefit. from fowls laying larger eggs ;
but such as Shanghaes, which lay smaller eggs, and greater
numbers of them, should be the fowls of their choice, This
SPANISH AS LAYERS, ETC., ETC, 74*
is while business is carried on at market upon the present
system of selling at a certain price per hundred; we hope,
however, that this mode of dealing will be abolished, and a
more equitable system of vending be adjusted. We there-
fore consider that persons who consume their own egos,
and so receive the full advantage to be derived from supe-
rior weight of Spanish eggs, will derive more profit from
this fowl than from the Shanghae.
The flesh of the Spanish fowl is juicy and of fine flavour,
and in high repute as a table fowl, but not equal to the
coloured “ Dorking” in point of delicacy; the colour is,
however good, and strongly contrasts with the feather. The
flesh of the white Spanish is not considered so fine in flavour
nor equal to the black variety for the table ; nevertheless,
they are not amiss, especially if killed when young.
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK.
In breeding stock, it must be invariably from one of
these motives what specimens are bred from,—viz. > whether
for fancy only, whether for fancy combined with moderate
profit, or profit versus fancy. If either the first or the
second be the object, then it is necessary that the speci-
mens selected should display shape, figure, size, carriage,
feather, and a full development of all the characteristics
that distinguish the Spanish breed, especially in the male,
Lanky, gawky, thin, flat-sided birds are almost always
produced by breeding pullets and stags, or other miniature
birds together. Stags should never be matched or mated
with pullets, but with old hens; again, pullets should
never be mated with stags, but with cocks of two or three
years’ growth.
It is obviously manifest, that by the infusion of fresh
Gl
75 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
and vigorous blood, selected with judgment, we are ena-
bled to produce the proofs of the highest breeding, and
are rewarded with those choice specimens which figure so
conspicuously at our exhibitions. These results do not
occur promiscuously, but are alike the result of careful
and select breeding. ‘First-rate qualifications are really
and absolutely necessary for the production of first-class
birds of any kind; and here, as in all other particulars,
the details must invariably be closely attended to. For
instance, the face should not only be fully developed, but
it is important that redundancy in that feature be proved
hereditary, or in breeding stock considerable disappoint-
ment may ensue.
For this reason every breeder should keep an accurate
pedigree of his stock, whilst every purchaser ought to insist
upon seeing that pedigree distinctly traced before effecting
a purchase ; for our own part, we would never breed from
a bird, however good his appearance, without reading or
ascertaining for a certainty his pedigree. No breeder of
Game fowls would hazard to act so indiscriminately: sharp —
practice very soon discovers to the breeder and his friends
what a bird’s progeny are worth; for should aught of im-
perfection be there, it will quickly become manifest. But
are we to leave pedigree to chance, because in the case of
Spanish fowls the progeny are not brought to the test, nor
are their other virtues so keenly tried, nor a defect in
parentage always to be detected? No! If we desire to
be successful, we should in this instance, at all events,
follow the example of those who breed Game fowls. We
would certainly much prefer breeding from a bird pos-
sessed of a mere minimum show of face, but whose ances-
tors we knew to be first-rate birds, than from a fowl,
THE SPANISH—BREEDING STOCK. 75
however splendid in appearance, and however fully deve-
loped might be the characteristics of excellence, yet con-
cerning whose parentage little could be said, and still less
known. Occasionally we have bred and reared birds whose
excellencies were hereditary, but which in themselves were
not so showy, nor were the traits of quality so perceptible
as in their fathers: from these birds we have been success-
ful in breeding even prize fowls. How is this? We have
noticed for a considerable time, and with much satisfaction,
that such strains, which we knew to be perfect, and whose
good qualities were hereditary, but in themselves were not
such showy birds as many of the same blood, have never-
‘theless thrown chicks possessing every degree of external
excellence. For instance, we some time since bred from
a stag and a two-year-old hen, of different strains: the
stag was as good as gold, but not superior to his strain ;
the hen was also good, but much inferior in appearance to
her sisters of the same hatch. When, however, we bred
them together, they produced chicks which, when arrived
at perfection, possessed larger faces than those produced
by her sisters, which were also, for the purposes of experi-
ment, matched with a brother of the above-mentioned stag.
From this it is very evident that where nature is liable to
exceptions and irregularities, pro and con, birds may be
produced of inferior appearance, while other chicks from
the very same hen more than compensate for their breth-
ren’s deficiency, by presenting an extraordinary face; and
we have, by repeated trials, proved that the characteristics
of excellence may be found in birds bred from such speci-
mens as are not of themselves of the primest appearance, if
the real and true properties, although but partially revealed,
are hereditary.
i
¢
;
?
t
¢
4
4
»
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
If, therefore, your object be the production of fancy
birds, especial care must be bestowed upon these particu-
lars, and the best strains of birds whose descents are known
should invariably be mated together.
We do not mean to say that birds with small develop-
ment of face, but which have nevertheless been produced
from first-class birds, should be preferred to birds of a
handsome appearance, and which have descended from first-
class fowls also; we would merely show that they should
neither be despised nor discarded, provided the excellencies
they possess are hereditry, and were in still greater degrees
possessed by their ancestors.
CROSS-BREEDING.
If, on the other hand, profit only be the desired object,
although we disapprove of crossing distinct classes of fowls
together, yet for certain purposes artificial crosses have, by
experiment, proved to be eventually beneficial ; and in such
cases, although for crossing with the Shanghae we prefer
the Dorking to the Spanish fowl, yet a cross with the
latter would undoubtedly prove useful to the former, and
be productive of excellent laying fowls.
We are bound to admit, that we have never seen a cross
of Shangae with Spanish that was an improvement upon
the former bird, neither have we seen birds produced by a
cross of Spanish with other various breeds that were equal
to the true Spanish fowl itself, save in one exceptional
case; but why ? As we have mentioned, in speaking of
the varieties of the Spanish to be met with, not alone in
the countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, but in
many of the by-streets of the metropolis, there are birds
in abundance, evidently belonging to the Spanish breed,
THE SPANISH—BREEDING STOCK. 77
and more or less crossed with it, but we have never seen
among them birds which could be pronounced equal to the
pure Spanish.
Why is it that we behold such numerous crosses of the
Spanish, whilst nothing has resulted from them but greatly
inferior birds? The reason is plain enough; the Spanish
have ever been mated with varieties very inferior ; if mated
with the Dorking, the proceeds have been again crossed
indiscriminately, being but seldom the property of a man
of distinguished fancy, or one that from such proceeds
would again make a judicious cross. The crossing of the
Spanish fowl with other varieties usually falls upon those
persons whose only custom, when their male kind is get-
ting too old, is to select the largest and strongest of the
young ones, regardless of breed or strain. Such neglectful
and careless breeding invariably leads to utter degenera-
tion, and the Spanish, as a cross, becomes in consequence
greatly despised; for if the latter fowl be mated with
inferior birds, of course the results will be unsatisfactory.
If, on the contrary, they be equally matched, why should
not both breeds be necessarily improved ?
The fact is, we have few practical and judicious men
who will trouble themselves with spoiling breeds,—which
they consider it to be, and which, as fancy stock, it really
is,—by crossing the Spanish with the Dorking fowl. Yet
if a judicious course of management were adopted, and the
proceeds of a cross carefully selected and again mated with
different strains of either breed, we are confident the result
would be highly advantageous so far as egg-producing is
concerned, and the flesh would also be greatly improved.
For instance, mate a two-year old grey Dorking hen
with a one-year old black Spanish stag; select the cocke-
rels and breed with Spanish hens two years old, and the
G 2
78 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
pullets to match with a stout three-year old Dorking cock;
from such proceeds select the cockerels, and breed with
Dorking hens, and again from such issue select the pullets,
to breed with Spanish cocks; and so on, with the occa-
sional introduction of a good stout Spanish cock or squatty
Dorking hen.
Were the proceeds of these to be bred in and in, the
result would be such a breed as could not but insure the
admiration of every lover of distinction. But it would
occupy many years to accomplish such a consummation.
This is unquestionably the manner in which several of
our varieties of fowl have obtained their origin, and when
such come before us, we will not shrink from the task of
stripping them of all ill-timed and misplaced distinction.
As egg-producers, a cross of any class of fowl with
Spanish would be productive of benefit if judiciously ac-
complished; but as regards the Shanghae, we think an
admixture of Dorking would be far preferable.
It may be mentioned that experiments can be as effec-
tively and advantageously made upon a small as upon a
large scale, besides that less risk will be incurred therein
of having the poultry-yard filled with indifferent sto-k
should the experiments fail. Let these experiments be
carried on in one corner of the yard, for convenience sake,
and engage your strictest attention, since, until these pro-
blems have been fairly and fully tried, the questions
arising out of them cannot be satisfactorily solved, whilst
it would be the most consummate folly to throw away
opportunities for information, and lose a great boon for
the want of sufficient experimentalization. But it must
also be remembered, that however successful be the re-
sults of crossing, the produce are quite inadmissible as
fancy birds.
THE SPANISH—BREEDING STOCK. 79
For breeding high, six to seven hens are sufficient to be
placed with one cock. If he be three years old, we would
limit his hens to six ; but if he has reached his fourth year,
not more than four should be mated with him; whilst for
breeding in and in, even less than the latter number should
be put, if it be a desideratum that the strength and vigour
of the chicks be fully sustained.
AS SITTERS AND MOTHERS.
Spanish hens seldom exhibit a disposition to undertake
the task of incubation, and if it be attempted they will in
the generality of cases forsake the nest long before the
chicks would be hatched. Sometimes, however, they will
perseveringly perform the maternal duties, but it is pro-
digiously against their general character. They are some-
what disproportionately long in the leg, consequently are
more subject to cramp ; this partly accounts for their being
so averse to such sedentary occupation.
Not being possessed of a very ardent temperament, they
are seldom carried away with pugnacious feelings. Those
fowls the most pugnacious, are generally the best and
closest sitters; for instance, Game hens make the very
best of mothers, both for hatching and rearing, and also
for defending their chicks. It will be found that the
breast and belly of the latter whilst engaged in incubation
burn through excess of internal heat, created and kept up
by their irresistible desire and determination to “ sit.”
‘Such is not the case with the Spanish hens, for if the desire
to sit exist at all, they will not be found so warm by many
degrees as the Game hen, whilst in a few days this desire
will generally give way to some new fancy.
The original Spanish fowls, brought from the West
on
80 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Indies, and naturalized in Spain and Holland, were excel-
lent sitters and good mothers; but the high artificial
culture to which they have been subjected, coupled with
the occasions of breeding in and in, have had a great share
in influencing the Spanish hen to depart from her ei ey
motherly habits.
Since, therefore, they will not undertake the office of
incubation, we must impose it upon some other class of
fowl, that will not only accept the task, but will joyfully
hatch and rear the young of another species until they are
able to take care of themselves. By this means the breed
is still preserved, multiplied, and extended.
The period best adapted for “ sitting” eggs is the latter
end of March, as the chicks are but slow in getting
feather, it is obviously unadvisable to “sit” them at an
earlier date.
The first twelve or thirteen of a pulleret’s eggs should
never be selected for hatching; not that they are unprolific,
but being scarcely mature and small, strong sturdy chicks
are very unlikely to be produced.
THE SPANISH CHICKS.
“When first hatched the colour of Spanish chick is a
remarkably bright black, with white down upon the throat,
breast, belly, thighs, and wing pinions. There is also a
milky appearance about the head and face.
While chicks they are often quite bare, especially upon
the pinions of the wings, from the period of losing their
down to the growing of their feathers; this a critical
time with them; warmth and shelter from cold winds,
besides stimulating food given in small quantities but with
frequency throughout the day, are now essentially requisite ;
THE SPANISH CHICKS. 81
they, however, erow very rapidly, but the novice who has
ventured a high price in the purchase of a few Spanish
eggs, upon discovering the chicks when hatched to be black
and white, finds fault both with himself and the breeder ‘
if not in verbal sounds, in expressional appearances and
internal misgivings, but he need be under no apprehension
on that account: he will eventually discover those very
parts and positions of the body which caused his fears to
rise, ultimately become deep black, and of the most decided
hue. At the age of ten weeks they should be well fea-
thered as chickens, and strong; previous to that time, on
account of their limited supply of feather, they require
warmth and attention, but ultimately become strong and
vigorous, and equal in this respect to the Shanghae broods.
Tn the cockerel little of the real white face is perceptible
until the age of four months, subsequently the pulleret
_ exhibits indications of a similar character; before, and in
some specimens even at a later period, they display a very
delicate appearance about the face, with long skinny mealy
heads, but anything resembling the maiden’s blush is a bad
sign. The development of the face in some is very pro-
tracted, but patience in this as in many other particulars
should be displayed, for occasionally some of the chicks
which to casual observers are far inferior to the rest of the
brood, ultimately supersede them, and at length prove
themselves very “cheeky birds.” At five months they are
usually well plumed, but the face, comb, and gills continue
growing considerably after this period. The tail of the
cockerel is circular, but not by any means so full and
ample, nor the general plumage so beautiful, as when
arrived at two years’ growth, when, after moulting, the male
is considered in his prime.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
\
At the age of six months a cockerel should weigh about
five pounds, and a pulleret four pounds.
DISEASES OF THE SPANISH.
There are but three to which we here allude, being
those to which they are most peculiarly susceptible :—pro-
tracted moulting, diseases of the ovarium, comb, and feet.
I do not by any means consider regular moulting a disease,
seeing it is a system organized by nature to the due per-
formance of her requirements, in displacing the old garb
to the further adorning and well being of the fowl,—but
when it approximates the form and appearance of a pro-
tracted, and thereby weakening process, danger lurks
within, which, if not promptly met, results the most
unfavourable will be the issue. This class will suffer much
if not well housed and sheltered from the inclemency of
the weather during the moulting season—being very much
hastened or retarded by the circumstances under which it
exists. Peculiar changes in the colour of their plumage
occasionally occur at this momentous season, which are
necessarily permanent for one year at least, that is until
the ensuing moult, when a different aspect may be again
presented or the return of the former colour: this peculiar
change is more likely to occur with old than young fowls.
A friend, some years back, imported a pair of black
Spanish fowls, direct from Holland, and which he consi-
dered closely related; for experiment sake, he bred them
together (knowing the degeneration that would ensue) ;
but, for the purpose of satisfying his mind as to the issue,
he selected and bred them and the produce zxéer se until
the sixth generation, when rottenness of feather became
apparent ; the produce were again matched, and from the
DISHASES OF THE SPANISH. 83
issue a male and female were selected and bred together,
and from this pair were produced seven chicks, two of
which came perfectly white, the rest, save one, more or
less splashed; it is important to observe that these were
very small and weakly specimens, the natural result of in
and in breeding.
Black is the presence of healthy feather in the Spanish,
whilst white is a proof of its entire absence; from the same
cause birds in a very weak state have been known to moult
from black to white, but on account of the feebleness of
their constitution have suffered from an extremely pro-
tracted moult; antecedent admixtures and even fright have
likewise occasioned a similar effect.
During the moulting season they should be well sheltered,
and if imbecility or weakness becomes manifest, asupply of _
stimulating food is rendered necessary, such as barley soaked
in beer, bread and beer, barley meal with a little common
brown pepper, given warm (not hot). Being at this period
of the year deprived of animalcule, a little butcher’s offal —
parboiled, may with advantage be occasionally allowed,
besides a few crushed grains of hempseed, and two or three
blades of saffron in the water, have a comforting and
stimulating effect. A little stable litter placed beneath the
perches may be left a week or two, and then removed for
a fresh supply. All cracks and drafts in the hen house
should be filled up, in fact they cannot at this trying season
be rendered too warm, but care must be taken these pre-
cautions are not left off too suddenly.
Diseased Ovarium.—We have already given an account
of this disorder, its causes and effects, with remedies, whilst
speaking of the productiveness of the Spanish, and with
this latter subject it is so connected, seeing they are such
a prolific fowl, that it was.necessary to touch upon it
84 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
whilst thus treating upon one of its chief causes, for the
particulars of which I refer the reader’s attention ; suffice it
here to observe, that to obviate this disease, too high feed-
ing must be avoided, and a liberal supply of calcareous
matter, and chalk in the water supplied, as they prove more
prolific with regard to egg stuff than egg shell. Care
should be taken to prevent the hens from duelling with
strange fowls, this is especially important as the laying
season approaches; many a valuable hen has lost her life
from such a supposed trivial circumstance, and external
wounds are looked for, and great wonderment expressed
at the catastrophy, whereas if a hen perchance to break a
home-wrought egg, she may have great difficulty in purg-
- ing it off; if unable, a tea spoonful of castor oil should be
administered, this will greatly facilitate its progress in
passing through.
Diseased Comb and Feet.—The comb in severe weather
occasionally becomes frost bitten, when, if care be not
taken, inflammation ensues. It is greatly irritated by its
own weight and size, and particular bend. Bleeding of the
comb and toes is moreover another form of the same
malady, and the only remedies capable of affording relief
are removal to a warm and dry apartment, and treatment
as prescribed for protracted moulting.
a Se ae
HISTORY OF THE DORKING FOWL. 85
THE DORKING FOWL.
HISTORY OF THE DORKING.
(Phasianus pentadactylus) or Five-clawed Fowl.
Tus fowl derives its name from Dorking, a town in
Surrey, not that that town gave rise to the breed in
question, for its antiquity is unquestionable, but that the
dry, warm, and chalky nature of the soil of that locality,
together with the superior adaptation and position of the
place for the rearing and fattening of fowls, gave to the
‘population unequalled opportunities of breeding and rear-
ing the feathered stock to great. perfection, and the
. continued success of the breeders rendered the class of
fowls propagated there very superior as market produce,
which by degrees rendered fowls from Dorking as much
in request as are at present Dorking fowls.
That a breed bearing much resemblance to our Dorking,
both for external appearance and internal qualities, as well
as possessing the additional claw, has long been propagated
in the town of Dorking is conclusive. I have before me
alist of the fowls remitted to market by a farmer living
there, from June to August, 1683, comprising—
17 doz. ... ... 5 claws, dead stock.
1 99 eee coe 4 29 oe 99
Pg See gag ee ne ke
From this we observe the five-clawed fowls were well
known in that locality, and at that comparatively early
ee EET OTS ees 2 aa sian - shetee 3 ‘
= SE eR A RT I
86) FERGUSON ON FOWL.
date appear to have been more numerously kept than the
four-clawed ones, at any rate by this individual. I also
discover from the original manuscript, the price for the
one dozen five-clawed (alive) was nearly three times the
amount of dead stock; it was therefore at that time, as
until very lately has been the case, the breeders were de-
termined, if possible, to monopolize the trade, and therefore
demanded double and sometimes treble the price for live
as was required for the same fowls if made ready for the
spit. They have, however, at length become extensively
and successfully bred in many parts of the country, and
numerously kept by distinguished fanciers. In many
instances receiving thereby detrimental crosses and admix-
tures of blood, tending to injure and reduce their intrinsic
value as fowls and as flesh, though in some cases a bene-
ficial admixture has occurred, when subsequent improve-
ment has invariably become apparent.
They have not only been propagated in this country,
but also in Ireland; and in the latter place, especially in
some localities, been carefully bred, and many fine speci-
mens have returned and found their way to our London
exhibitions.
Still it is evident that the town of Dorking and its
suburbs are now, as heretofore, not only more suitable,
from the nature of the soil, to the rearing and breeding of
this class of fowl, but every other thrives unusually well
there. Previous to the date already alluded to, we can
find no further evidence to sustain the idea that this fowl
was more extensively bred in Dorking than in any other
town; but since that period, that is from 1683 to the
present time, we have ample proofs that the principal fowls
of this description have been bred at Dorking or its environs,
and that they have for a considerable period, and still do,
propymg: 5 ofa peydersouyry
HISTORY OF THE DORKING FOWL. 87
‘yetain the credit of supplymg the market with the finest
specimens, both for appearance and the table.
From abundant sources we gather that among the Romans
a fowl with the additional claw ranked next in favour to
that gallant bird the Game fowl, and this latter being bred
for very different purposes, could not have been regarded
‘as a rival, only the circumstance of their love for sport
even exceeding their desire for festivities, placed this latter
bird A 1 in their esteem.’ It is not my intention to pro-
nounce such birds the progenitors of our Dorkings, but
merely to point out their relative analogous position. It is,
however, conclusive, without reference to the supernume-
rary claw exhibited in both, that m many respects they
bear strong affinity.
From the southern parts of Italy a friend has procured
three specimens, that are in semblance fac-similes of our
Dorking fowls, with the exception of size which is smaller 5
he assures me he has in that country frequently seen larger
birds than those imported, but’ chose them on account
of their purity of colour, which is perfectly white. They
are single combed, the hens moreover possess five claws
and one spur upon each foot; the male bird six claws and
one spur upon the right, five claws and two spurs upon the
left; other circumstances connected with the close resem-
blance they bear to each other, convince me they are not
only of the self-same blood, but the produce of in and in
breeding ; this also accounts for their reduced size.
We have records even from the north of Europe, includ-
ing Norway and Sweden, where five-clawed birds have
been and still are found, though much inferior to our own,
both in size and quality of flesh. From Hong-Kong and
Shanghae, and provinces adjoining, many birds may be
found possessing the fifth claw.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Owing to conclusive observation I cannot refrain from
uttermg an opinion in connexion with the origin of this
fowl, having instituted searching investigations into the
appearance and non-appearance of the supernumerary
feature in the offspring, both immediate and remote, and
invariably discovering its presence more fully developed in
bulky short-legged or capacious bodied specimens, and its
disappearance in the first cross with aught in non-possession
of this feature. I have been led to consider the present
Dorkings the result of full domestication when carried
to. a highly beneficial extent, and not-true types of any
primitive variety. .
One thing is certain, that any one of the localities
before mentioned may be selected, and asserted, as being
the original and mother country, but it will be found far
more difficult to prove than to assert, Upon one subject,
however, I am bound to do credit to the town of Dorking,
in Surrey, which can boast of being in possession of this
breed longer than any other locality in Great Britain, and
to have received proof, by the great and continued demand,
‘that she has made the best use of it. I therefore consider
Dorking quite entitled to receive the specific credit of
rightful nomination, and trust she will ever do justice to
the name. :
DISPOSITION OF THE “ DORKING CLASS.”
Their disposition is peaceful, quiet, and inoffensive, seldom
given to stray to a distance from their own dominions, or
disturb the repose of a neighbouring stock; though quiet
and retired in their habits, if the male be annoyed by the
presence of an offensive rival, he will rush vigorously for-
ward to defend his mates from molestation or maltreatment;
he is likewise very affectionate towards hishens; the chickens
DISPOSITION OF THE DORKING. 89
he allows to feed, without showing the resentment that
manifests itself so often in other fowls. If cooped or placed
in retirement, he is submissive and gentle, but appears dull
= and quiet, and soon becomes heavy in appearance, and not
only so, but heavier still in reality—I mean he soon fattens
for the table, and this is you know the grand desideratum.
The Dorking is, unquestionably, one of the few that deserves
and merits a place in our esteem upon the ground of intrinsic
value, and not merely for personal appearance, which is by
no means so prepossessing as in many specimens far inferior
to him in point of utility. They are, therefore, entitled to be
regarded with particular interest; first, upon the ground of
their extreme national utility; and secondly, upon their well
recognised, long merited, world-known reputation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE OF THE
“ DORKING CLASS.”
The head of both cock and hen should be of a medium
size, not too large for the body, neither do I approve of a
long narrow head; it should be wide, with a well arched |
forehead.
7, The face must be of a healthy vermillion red.
Comb serrated, erect, and single or rose shaped; if single,
it should be stout at the base, stand well up and straight,
regularly toothed, rising above 1# inch from the base.
If rose combed or double, it should be even, that is, as
much upon one side of the head as the other; the colour
of both single and double should be of a bright crimson. I
prefer the single to the double comb, but regard the latter
rather the result of domestication than a proof of foul
breeding. :
| Wattles—of the same colour as the comb, rather long,
a full and pendulous. .
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Beak—short, thick at base, very strong, slightly curved,
and of a black and white colour.
Eye—very full and clear, and the iris a bright orange
or red.
Lar-lobe—white and mealy, with a fleshy tinge; no
tassel, tuft, or topknot upon the head or throat; its pre-
sence indicates an unquestionable cross, an impurity of
breed.
Neck—strong, short, thick set towards the base, and.
amply supplied with hackle feathers, but tapering towards
the approach of the head. In this feature is presented a
remarkable contrast with the Malay fowl, in which the
neck-hackle is but little more abundant at the base than
uppermost part.
Neck-hackle—varies in colour with the varieties, but
has blackish pencillings, or rather stains running through
the centre of the feathers, more or less in all specimens ;
the feathers are long, and fall over the upper parts of the
back, but shorter towards the head; a few slightly cover
the upper part of the breast.
Breast—should be wide, full and round, indicative of
constitutional strength.
Back and shoulders—broad and muscular.
Thighs—thick, and resemble though but faintly, still
resemble the Shanghaes’, for being thickly and coarsely
feathered, should be likewise short.
Shank—short, thick and white; the legs should be made
apart, stout, and muscular.
Toes.—There should be not only three toes in front and
one behind, as in ordinary fowls, but one proceeding from
the back toe, and coming between that member and the spur,
this is absolutely an essential criterion of breed ; occasion-
ally there are two supernumerary hind toes upon each foot,
two spurs, one above the other. Not very ornamental cer-
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DORKING CLASS. 91
likewise now and then may be found a specimen possessing
tainly, to have even one supernumerary member, but it isan
important and distinctive feature, and wherever absent, a
cross has unquestionably been at work, although perchance
ata very remote period. This feature is soon lost, and
even in the issue of the first cross it is frequently absent. |
Wing—full, and amply supplied with quills, also very
muscular.
Tail—well sickled and full, amply feathered, presenting,
if well plumed, a very beautiful and requisite appendage.
The general shape of the body is round, plump and
capacious.
- Carriage—bold and firm, but heavy and dull when
cooped. ie
Gait—bold, but heavy.
The general appearance of the Dorking is far from attrac-
tive, either for its shape or plumage, the body being too
low upon the legs to exhibit grace or elegance, and the
head seldom carried sufficiently erect to render it majestic.
Colour—white or light yellow is generally considered the
primitive variety of this class, but from the closest inves-
tigation I cannot discover any real proof of such being the —
fact; and, until fully established, and evidence produced
sufficient to warrant not only its plausibility but accuracy,
it is not merely useless, but disadvantageous, to place it
upon a level with facts already verified.
VARIETIES,
The Dorkine Cxass is divided into three varieties—
the white, coloured, and old Sussex or Kent fowls: the two
former are of the self-same blood, though different in feather;
the third is closely allied to the Dorking, and unquestion-
92 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ably the result of an admixture of blood with that fowl,
is recognised in various localities by their own peculiar and
local distinguishing name. °
W hite-—This bird is considered by many naturalists to
possess the sole right of being regarded the progenitor of
the entire class of Dorkings; but, as I have already stated,
it is a much disputed point, and justly so. They are not
nearly so large as the coloured varieties, the average weight
of the cocks being from 6 to 7 Ibs., height 17 to 19 inches
from the ground to the top of comb; the hens weigh from
5 to 6 Ibs., height 12 to 14 inches ; neither is the flesh
generally so good as in the coloured variety, being inclined
to a yellowish tinge, as is the case with nearly all white
feathered fowls; they possess the supplementary toes and
clean white shank, are small in bone, but weakly in con-
stitution; should be entirely free from topknot; comb both
double and single, and no criterion of breed,
Coloured variety—comprises grey, mottled grey, span-
gled, light and dark browns, and many other indistinct and
confused colours, which are known in different localities by
various names, and unworthy of special attention, being, I
am confident, produced from one another ; for instance, from
-browns, come greys, speckles, and almost all colours; from
greys, come browns, spangles of mixed and unsettled hues,
in the same clutch and hatch. I have also frequently known
them moult from brown to speckle—from grey to speckle :
they cannot be bred true to colour, and no dependence can
be placed in the produce being the same or even similar to,
the parentage with regard to colour, unless such stock are
the offspring of birds possessing their colour from a here-
ditary source. It would take many years to establish a
settled plumage. It may be done by selecting those of the
same cast, and breeding together, with the occasional im-
"SHONIMMOE ATWO
“propyag’ po kq-peycers
J
be.
rs
VARIETIES OF THE DORKING. 93
portation of fresh blood of the same feather; but then as
a matter of course, at times birds would show themselves of
the unwished for tint—these must be rejected for breeding
purposes ; but supposing true feather be obtained, what
pretension has the bird to beauty? The beauty of the
_ Dorking lies in another direction: it is apparent in utility,
no advantage would, therefore, accrue from such breeding.
What we require in the Dorking is size, weight, flesh, with
_ powers of production, good constitution, and capabilities
of maturing early—these qualities are blended in our
coloured Dorkings. The average weight of a full grown
cock is from 8 to 10 Ibs., height from the ground to the —
_ uppermost part of the comb 19 to 22 inches; hen’s weight
from 6 to 8 lbs., height 14 to 17 inches; these weights,
however, may be exceeded by exceptional cases, and
rendered heavier by close cooping and fattening.
Grey Dorking comb—single, but sometimes double, which,
together with face and wattles, are of a lively crimson; the
former should stand about 12 inch from the skull to the
top, but if double not more than half an inch in elevation.
Earlobe, whitish—beak, black and white—eye, full—iris,
orange or red—neck-hackle, yellowish white, with pen-
cillings running through the centre of the feathers, saddle-
hackle of the same colour, but with few or no stains—wing
feathers, light brown and white—wing coverts, deep orange
or yellow, and back of a deeper tint, shading off towards
the extremities of saddle-hackle feathers, in some a lighter
hue prevails; the breast, vent, and tail, in both cases are
black, the latter occasionally grizzled; shanks and claws
white or flesh colour, of the latter there should be five on
each foot. (, f pfur,
The hen of this’ variety mere or less assumes the general
hue of the male, though always much duller, the general
94 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ground of his feather, runs likewise through her’s—face and
comb, fleshy red—breast, frequently brown—hackles, both
neck and saddle, of a greyish cast—back and wings, more
or less grey—tail, black—besides these shades, there are
many others, that would take volumes to describe, and
which would be as uninteresting to the general reader as
utterly useless. —( See Illustrations. )
Mottled Grey—is very similiar to the above, but exhibit-
ing in the hackle feathers, both neck and saddle, an incli-
nation to speckle; the appearance of the eye in “ bird’s eye
maple” may be observed running throughout, instead of
blackish marks or inkstains in the hackle, white is prevalent,
and occupies the same position as the black in the previously
described bird. Theyare generally very woolly (commonly
called rotten feathered), in other respects similar to the grey
Dorking.
Spangled or Speckled.—This sub-variety, or rather dif-
ferently coloured variety, presents innumerable diversities
of feather; in some the ground is of entire brown, both ight
and dark, relieved by blackish tippings to the feathers, with
black tail. In others, the general ground is grey, with the
entire feathers tipped with white, the breast being likewise
speckled and tipped with a similar colour; tail, black, edged
with white—that is, one-half of the outer side of each feather
white, the other black, shaded with green; the neck, saddle-
hackle, and wing coverts being more or less of a bright
brown yellow, tipped with white, the latter interspersed
with blue, white and grey; the hens are similarly marked;
many of these birds present an imposing and brilliant
plumage, if regularly and evenly marked.
Browns—range from light brown to a deep chestnut,
comprising many intermediate shades, all of which are more
or less splashed with black, white or grey; the neck-hackle
VARIETIES OF THE DORKING. 95
ranges from straw tint to deep brown; if the former,
black stains may be observed running throughout the centre
of the feathers; the breast of the male is deep brown, tail
black; besides these, there are what are termed Rubles,
Cuckoo Dorkings, Virgils, Golden and silver spangles, Bride
laced, J apans, Norfolk-fords, Grey-fords, Mufts, and some
others, all of which are either cross breeds or mere local
distinctions. ,
Old Sussex or Kent fowls—are closely allied to Dorkings,
and bear strong affinity to them, in fact in many instances
detection is impossible. The original birds, bred in Sussex
and Kent, were longer in the body, and, moreover, possessed
but four claws, but being, in many instances, blended with —
the Dorking and crossed, may be seen with four and five, in
the very same clutch and hatch. I have observed in the
Kent yards many possessing five claws, as in the Dorking,
an admixture having occurred, but this in a general way is
denied, the owners wishing them to be considered a distinct
and primitive, and not a cross breed, although the entire —
features, actions, disposition, feather, carriage, gait, and
many other characteristics are clearly evinced in fac-simile
conformity with the Dorking; many of these birds may be
found, and amongst them some quite equal to the Dorking
itself, and from these may be selected birds having but four
claws, which as fowls are thereby improved, seeing disease
of the feet is not so likely to occur, it being generally
produced from the fracture or injuries received to the
supernumerary toe whilst fighting, or from some such like
accident. as
For weight, flesh, and early maturing they are equal to
the true Dorking, and may be regarded no less valuable as
marketable fowls. They possess their principal charac-
teristics in feather and general appearance, there being all
96 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
colours, all shades, and an innumerable diversity; it is use-
less giving descriptive portraits of each, seeing it is difficult
to procure even a dozen of the same feather. They are
good sitters and mothers, and possess white and short legs,
double and single combs; those less allied to the Dorking
more frequently possess a double or cup-comb than a single
one, but it is astonishing with what rapidity and readiness
of constitution the offspring assume the new blood’s visible
properties.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO NOVICES.
For the benefit of those who, for the first time, have
determined upon reserving to themselves a few fine speci-
mens of this really valuable domestic fowl, I will endeavour
to lay down a few rules for guidance, which, if acted upon
in concert with what has already been advanced respecting
the requisite distinguishing characteristics of excellence,
will greatly regulate the quality, and be the means of pro-
curing to the purchaser not only the genuine article, and
therefore his money’s worth, but likewise render him
capable of sustaining and retaining the breed in great
perfection. Before effecting a purchase, examine the bird,
and if the fifth claw, that is the claw growing from the
base and just above the ordinary hind toe, be absent, refuse
such specimen, whatever the owner may assert in his defence,
and select three or four hens and one cock possessing the
required number; the latter bird must be of different blood
to the hens, that is, he must bear no relationship to them;
if, therefore, the dealer’s word cannot be taken on this mo-
mentous point, it is advisable to purchase the hens at one
locality and the male bird at another, and this will ensure
that object. If pullets be procured the cock matched with
them should be two years old; if two year old hens, then
.
REMARKS TO NOVICES ON THE DORKING. — 97
stags, that is young cocks, are most advantageous for breed-
ing purposes. I recommend the greys as being the most
valuable of all Dorkings, and preter them as near alike in
feather as possible: | They must possess perfectly white
legs and claws, this is indispensable—full and round
breasts, not narrow or flat sided—should be wide across *
the back, and full in the girth; care should be taken to
observe whether they are diseased, this may be ascertained
by examination, and a slight pressure of the nostrils; from
whence, if ought of a liquid matter be discharged that has
anything of an unpleasant odour, immediately replace the
bird into his pen and have nothing further to do with him,
or any that may have been in the same compartment, at any
price, for this is the roup, and a most infectious disorder.
Likewise examine to see that the birds are otherwise healthy,
and possess red healthy-coloured visages and combs, and
are active and lively. I prefer a single comb to a double
one, but no Dorking possessing a fair share of other excel-
lencies would I dismiss upon that account, considering it,
together with the cup-comb, rather the fruit of domesti-
cation than a proof of cross breeding.
POULTRY HOUSE AND YARD.
It depends very much upon three things what kind of
poultry house should be erected. Firstly, whether the
outlay is the great consideration ? Secondly, whether
there be a numerous flock ? Thirdly, what space is to be
uppropriated for their continual and daily exercise? What-
ever be the style, from the corner of a cow shed to a noble
ornamental and spacious pheasantry, whatever be the
number of fowls kept, or whatever the space allotted them,
the following rules are requisite to be observed, and are
oe
98 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
equally applicable under whatever circumstances they may
be domiciled :—
The house should be erected in one corner of the yard
or garden, having if possible a S.W- aspect, but if well
sheltered by lofty trees or a rising hill S.E. is preferable,
as admitting the morning sun, but upon no account should
a northerly aspect be selected. The soil should be dry
and well drained, and of a gravelly or chalky nature 5 if of
a stiff heavy or clayey character, the surface water is sure
to accumulate to the inevitable destruction of every kind of
stock. In the latter case, it is of the utmost import a good
fall be obtained to render it dry and capable of rapidly
discharging all surface streams. The foundation of the
roosting-house should be raised six or seven inches above
the level of the surrounding ground. It is important it be
lofty—that is, at least six feet high from the interior; the
size must entirely depend upon the number kept, whether
field or meadow, back garden or nought besides, be their
lawful run; if the latter, then it becomes imperative that
it should be considerably more spacious.
For a dozen fowls a house should be provided six feet
square and as many high : at least twenty feet square as a
run should be allowed, opening from their own door,
for their continual recreation and exercise, which may be
enclosed by fencing; laths or open-work being much better
than close boarding, as admitting the air through more
freely ; the top should be open. Be it remembered, I am no
advocate for such strict domestication—far from it: ifmore
room can be given so much the better, but I mention what
can be done, by way of encouraging those who have
but limited space for poultry. I assert that in the space
already alluded to, if cleanliness be enforced, a regular
supply of yaried food be provided, in connexion with a
THE DORKING—POULTRY HOUSE AND YARD. 99
few handfuls of fresh herbage from time to time as part
compensation for lack of liberty, a limited supply of fowls
may be made to thrive well and successfully.
The sides of the roosting-house may be formed of feather-
edge boards, but having a window capable of admitting
both light and air when required. It is important that the
dwelling be light and cheerful: perches should be fixed
from two to three feet from the ground, and no higher;
although Dorking fowls have full compass of wing, they
are heavy birds and awkward; for this reason perches
should not be too high, as much injury results from their
- precipitate descent.
The first perch may be one foot and a half from the
ground; the second two feet and a quarter, and one from the
first; the third three feet high, and one foot from the second;
the last should be at least one foot from the wall; for obvious
reasons they should never be placed under one another.
Two or three feet above the highest perch should be a
vacuum in two sides of the house capable of admitting a
fresh and continued supply of air, for the purpose of
rapidly carrying off all foul secretions, stich proving very
obnoxious to poultry. The vacancies thus created, together
with every other crevice should be closed during the win-
ter, for at that trying period it is impossible to keep them
too warm. The interior should be well protected from the
inclemency of the weather, and if tiled, a layer of asphalte
should be placed underneath to carry off all droppings of
wet that will otherwise find entrance. Cleanliness in this
department is very essential, therefore the bottom should
not be laid with bricks, which being porous, absorb moisture,
but glazed tiles that may easily be cleansed are far better
for the purpose. A range of nests for the convenience of
the laying hens must be provided as near the bottom
100 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
as possible, and a nest egg formed of a piece of wood
similarly shaped and coloured is best suited to the
purpose ; if of chalk, hens will occasionally peck at it,
especially if not supplied with a sufficiency of lime and
mortar, inducing them thereby to peck their own produce,
which, when once broken they consume, and when once
tasted a bad habit is acquired. If the nest egg be of mar-
ble it is frequently the means of cracking the natural
one, for when observed closely, it will be found, before its
exclusion, the hen rises in the nest, and it drops; now
supposing it to fall against the marble egg, which is
frequently the case, the latter substance being solid and
heavy, resists the pressure of the egg and remains unmoved,
and the shell receives a flaw irreparable; but if the decoy
be of wood, when the natural one falls against it, it will re-
bound at the slightest touch, and no damage willoccur. Stale
eggs are also bad for the purpose of depositing in the nest,
as they are very likely to get broken, the shell becoming
extremely brittle, where the action of heat and cold
is so transient, for every time an egg is laid, they are
rendered hot by the animal heat of the hen’s body. Some
may say for what purpose is the nest egg provided? will
not hens lay therein without such adecoy? This decoy
induces a hen to take up her positionin the same quar-
ter with it, instead of depositing her produce upon the
ground, or any out of the way place; most hens will lay
in the nest without any further inducement than that which
clean hay or straw affords, but some will not; and sup-
posing one out of twenty refuses, why surely for the sake
of avoiding so trifling an amount of trouble as occasioned
by the supply, no one would even lose one egg. I have
reaped much advantage from their application, and can
therefore testify as to their utility. The nest should be of
THE DORKING—POULTRY HOUSE AND YARD. 101
sufficient size to admit one fowl comfortably, without
injuring her tail in turning round, but not too large, other-
wise, two instead of one will force an entrance, to the
inconvenience of both. The interior of the house, as well
as nests, should be thoroughly lime-whited out twice during
the summer, for the purpose of destroying vermin which
are injurious to all poultry ; the application of the brush
moreover renders the apartment sweet and wholesome.
Near the house a large pan of lime or old mortar should be
in constant readiness, also a heap of fine gravel or ashes to
roll and cleanse their feathers in, and rid themselves of
animaleule, which, if not constantly removed, much annoys
them. If not privileged to enjoy a full run in the adjoining
yard or garden, a supply of green meat or herbage should
be regularly provided.
GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
Before procuring stock, a house should be provided for
its reception, as very injurious results proceed consequent
upon being hampered up for a day or two until a place be
erected; all necessary requisites should likewise be pre-
viously procured, such as water pans, a mortar or lime pan,
nests with wooden eggs, likewise a portion of food should
not be omitted from the list of necessaries. After pur-
chasing stock, and domiciling them, if it be intended they
shall enjoy a run, it is advisable to detain and feed them
in the roosting apartment for a day or two, during which
time they will become acquainted with its interior; but if
allowed out the first day of their arrival, they are liable to
wander, being strangers. When confined, and dependant
for their maintenance upon hand supplies, they require, if
it be wished to keep them in good condition or ready for
the fattening pens, regularly feeding three times a day, say
.
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102 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
seven o’clock in the morning, twelve o’clock, and again at
five in the afternoon. During winter, or for laying hens,
_ twice is sufficient, by allowing more at each meal; if at
large, where food may be had for work or scratching, pro-
vided there be not too much competition, twice feeding is
sufficient, at eight o’clock in the morning and three in
the afternoon ; in either case the supply should be rationed
according to numbers, appetites, &c., some breeds, and
even strains of the same class, requiring more than others,
which can only be ascertained by practical experience. By
giving as much as they will consume quickly, and desisting
immediately they begin to peck slowly, which is easily
perceived, the required quantity is soon arrived at, and if
the stock remains about the same, the same quantity upon
an average given regularly will not be far out—supposing
the precarious supply be about the same. One thing is
important, that they be not fed until all have assembled, at
any rate not until well called, or some may arrive in time
to be too late for the feast, and go short; they should
moreover be invariably fed at the same place, so that they
may know whence to proceed in answer to the call, when,
as the time approaches for their meal, they will be seen
flocking thither. Water should be placed at stated places,
where both the feeder and the fowl may readily obtain
access; the pans should be cleansed out each day, and a
constant fresh and clean supply afforded. In warm weather
a few sprigs of green rue should occasionally be placed
therein; in autumn, as the moulting season advances, two
or three blades of saffron will be found very beneficial as
being soothing, comforting, and thereby greatly promoting
its due performance. If confined or unable to procure
those small particles of calcareous matter instinct urges
them in quest of, they should be well supplied with gravel,
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DORKING. 103
chalk, or old mortar; green meat, such as grass, cabbage,
lettuce, and in fact almost any vegetable in a crude or
poiled state will be eagerly devoured. Change of food is
very necessary ; for instance, supposing their regular diet
to consist of corn-market sweepings, or barley, it should be
changed once a fortnight for three or four successive days,
during which interval they should be fed upon soft food, ©
as oatmeal, barleymeal, and bran, or coarse middlings, stale
bread sopped, &c., &c., by the adoption of these means
they will continue to relish and enjoy their food, and may
be domiciled in perfect health and thriving condition, and -
disease kept far away. A greater number of fowls suffer
from disease induced by ill feeding and confinement in
unhealthy roosting-houses than all other causes combined ;
in fact the coercion of these two requisites is the main im-
portance to be observed in the successful rearing and
breeding of profitable poultry.
The new laid eggs should be regularly removed each
afternoon, but the decoy eggs left to entice the hens to
re-enter their own favourite nests early the ensuing
morning. The interior of the house should be kept
perfectly clean, sweet, and inoffensive. If as many as
twelve be kept in one compartment it should be cleaned
out twice a week, which may be accomplished in a very
few minutes if regularly performed; if less than that
number, or during the winter months, once will be found
ample if thoroughly done.
DORKINGS AS LAYERS.
The Dorking fowl is not peculiarly noted for bemg
superior as a laying hen; her powers of production are
great, but her province, and that in which she particularly
excels, is in the production of flesh. Still she is an abun-
104 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
dant layer, but on account of the great tendency to incubate,
which she manifests two or three and sometimes four times
during one season, much time is lost, or rather at such times
many eggs not laid.
A full grown hen’s ege weighs from two ounces and a
quarter to two ounces and three quarters, is of a clear
white colour, and somewhat blunt jn shape. Their eggs
are not by any means large in proportion to the size of the
bird; there are however exceptional cases in which Dorking
hens have produced eggs weighing three ounces and above,
but these are rare, and do not in any way interfere with
the average; the mean proportion of any given number
will be found seldom exceeding two ounces and a half, but
sometimes below it, They are however very fine in
flavour. ,
FAC-SIMILE OF THE “DORKING” EGG.
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK.
It is impossible to bestow too much attention in the
selection of specimens for breeding purposes, seeing they
are destined the progenitors of an entire race, the founders
of a strain, and with them mainly rests the future chance
THE DORKING—MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK. 105
of success; they should, therefore, be the best of the breed,
and the most perfect of the brood that can be procured; for
this reason, if the object be the production and rearing of
showy specimens, the knowledge that they possess the
attributes, characteristics, and weight of first-class birds
should be obtained before purchasing, and that these excel-
lencies and visible properties be hereditary. _
For marketable stock, that breed of birds arriving early
at a state of perfection should be the choice, rather than
_ those which continue growing until twelve or thirteen
months, and upon whose bones, up to that period, little of
the marketable article flesh prevails; and even then, although
they may arrive ata very extraordinary weight, prove much
the worse for keeping.
- It may be difficult to distinguish those birds which mature
early from such as prefer longevity, especially while young;
inquiry and experience alone furnishing the means. I con- _
sider, from cocks weighing eight to nine pounds, and hens
between seven and eight, may be selected the best of speci-
mens, and should myself prefer them to heavier birds, unless —
the latter were also capable of breeding chicks of equally
rapid maturing. 3
An early pullet, say hatched in March or April, matched
with a two-year old cock, will produce from her second
clutch of eggs the best stock birds she is likely to breed at
any after period. - ee
But a two-year old hen matched with a three-year cock,
produces chickens capable of arriving at maturity much
sooner than those produced from stock of any other age,
and thereby are fattened more rapidly; this should be
practised generally by our poultry breeders, and to their —
advantage would the result redound.
Tt is of the utmost importance that every second year
106 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
fresh blood be introduced into the stock, and the readiest
method of accomplishing this, is by dismissing the old sire
and placing a young one of the best possible breed and
character in his stead; the other method is by removing the
the hens or pullets and substituting a few of a different
strain; the former, however, is the most practical and con-
venient. If fresh blood be not introduced, degeneracy and
rapid loss of size and. flesh, and destruction of constitution,
will be the inevitable result.
Although I mentioned the breeding together of mature
hens of two-years with a three-year cock, and recommended
it for the production of chicks of early maturing—still be
it borne in mind, for other purposes of farm requirements,
this plan is not adopted, but merely for that alluded to.
For the hardiest and most productive stock birds, pullets
should be matched with two-year old cocks, or stags with
two-year old hens: in either case the sexes must be of dif-
ferent blood, and no consanguinity should exist between
them; moreover, stags should never be bred with pullets.
Five or six hens to one Dorking cock is quite as many as
he can advantageously render vitally productive, he not
being so actively nor constitutionally disposed, nor are his
generative powers in such equal force, as many of our other
domestic fowls; for the same reason he should not be retained
after his third year, nor the hens after the fourth.
For cross breeding, which in a general way I confute,
but where advantageous results are likely to be produced
in the face of equal requirements, utility should be our
standard. For marketable purposes I recommend a robust
two-year old short-shanked Shanghae cock, to be matched
with three or four equally short-legged, square, early Dor-
king pullets; these may be placed in one corner of the farm,
and bred by themselves. From the produce of this admix-
eames
THE DORKING—MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK. 107.
ture, select the pullets to match with Dorking two-year old
cocks, and the stags with Dorking two-year hens, from such
issue again select the pullets and stags, and match with
Dorkings as before, and from the produce of this last, select
_ the pullets and place with them a Shanghae cock, and a stout:
cockerel to breed with three or four real Dorking two-year
old hens, similar, though of different blood, to the first —
mentioned. It will be observed by this means fresh
Shanghae blood is brought into the strain once every three
years, likewise pure Dorking; by the adoption of this
method the quality is rendered regular, and the hardiness
distinguishing the Shanghae in part transmitted to the off
spring, with equal or rather increased tendency to early
maturing, great weight, and superior production as layers.
I am satisfied if good Shanghaes be selected, the flesh will
not lose in quality and flavour, if the chicks are disposed of
when at the same weight as before; that is, if Dorkings
are killed at the age of four months, and weigh five pounds,
then those produced by a cross of Shanghae blood should
be killed when at the same weight, which will be before
that age. By allowing them to remain until four months
old, when they exceed the Dorking by at least one pound,
and still expect them to be as tender and juicy as that bird,
is monstrous; the only fair method is, to kill them when
they weigh sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the |
market, and not allow them to grow to the size of turkeys,
when, as a matter of course, they cannot be considered
“ chickens,” and not being such, cannot have chickens’
flesh. 7
But if the first Shanghae that comes to hand be the bird
placed with the farm stock, regret is almost sure ultimately
to escape the lips of the owner that he ever had a “ Cochin”
in his yard, instead of blaming himself for the neglectful
108 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
purchase. Does the farmer act so indiscriminately with his
sheep and animals of larger growth? certainly not: neither
if he desires even for the smallest amount of success with his
poultry stock, must he act in thismanner. Some Shanghaes
are coarse in flesh, others very fine in flavour, therefore he
must be careful in the selection. The best mode is to pur- |
chase two young brother cocks, kill, dress, and serve up one,
if he be indifferent, similarly dispose of the other and try
again; if, however, he be fine and well flavoured (and
many there be, as I have often proved), his brother will
not be amiss for breeding purposes; this method, of course,
applies more particularly to such persons who rear great
quantities, and who cannot bestow too much pains in the
selection of stock birds, seeing they are the producers, and
with them entirely rests the quality of all that are remitted
to the market.
DORKINGS AS SITTERS AND MOTHERS.
They are, unquestionably, next to the Game fowl as
incubators and mothers; but if, when too weighty, they be
allowed to engage in this process they press heavily upon
the eggs, for this reason Bantams’ or Pheasants’ eggs should
not be placed under them when in such condition. Iam
aware the sitting hen gradually reduces in weight, still not
sufficiently to render the eggs of a much smaller class in
any way proportionate to her large frame, or capable of
supporting her clumsy motions; moreover, the damage
usually occurs the first or second day, and, hetofore,
before diminution to any extent has been effected; she is
much more suited to hatch and bring up her own young,
which she generally accomplishes very successfully; being
naturally willing, will, in many instances, undertake the —
office of foster mother without evincing any disinclination;
DORKINGS AS SITTERS AND MOTHERS. 109
which, by-the-by, if she exhibits, it is much better no longer -
to coerce her, or adopt any compulsory measures to attain
that object, or disastrous consequences will befall the little
youngsters. I have known instances where broods of
Bantams have been given them for protection, but however
quickly they may have taken to them, a dead one from time
to time has been found, appearing as though killed by
trampling, but this is freqently caused by body pressure,
especially during the night. They are, moreover, very
awkward with their pedal limbs and trample their progeny
fearfully, especially if cooped; even when at liberty, will
scratch and kick them sprawling inall directions unwittingly.
Still the Dorking hen, from her comfortable maternal
size, deep broad chest, short legs, full wing, and great
ardour, is admirably adapted to fill all the offices attached
to incubator, nurse, and parent: she may in some instances
be capable of covering sixteen or seventeen eggs, and
successfully hatching them, but still I consider that number
to exceed the boundaries of prudence. If more be supplied
than she is able readily and comfortably to cover, she
becomes uneasy and fidgetty, and that extra claw she —
possesses may accidentally displace a shell or two in the
continued attempt to sit comfortably, and thereby reduce
the number to the proper average, with the loss of the
superfluous ones. ‘This is but the most trivial disaster con-
sequent upon overrating her incubating powers; it far more
usually occurs the two or three superfluous eggs are the
means of ruining the success of the whole hatch, seeing
all that are supplied above the number she is capable of
covering must remain cold or nearly so, and as their posi-
tion in the nest is daily changed, that is the outside eggs
approach nearer the centre each day, and those in the centre
more near the exterior; it results in each receiving a chill
110 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
for one or more days during the twenty-one, and thereby
rendering unproductive the whole. But even supposing
she hatch them, that number is too many for her care and_
protection. I am aware she may bring them up, though
far more likely to trample a few first: even should she be
so far successful as to avoid such an unfortunate occurrence,
those tiny morsels—those small insects she disturbs from
their resting places, and which prove so very beneficial to
the chickens as food, when divided between so many amount
to a very small quantum per head. As they advance,
although their feathers grow with them, they still require
her protecting and maternal wings: but if there are less
seats than members, less room than occupants, some must
be excluded. If ahen be given, or rather returned, eleven
to thirteen eggs, and she hatch and bring up eight or nine
chicks, it is quite a sufficient number, and may be considered
a good brood, but she cannot officiate with a more numerous
progeny with any convenience to herself, or advantage to
them, excepting where situated in extremely favourable
circumstances.
The firstetwelve or thirteen eggs of a pullet should not
be selected for the process of incubation as they are small,
and not likely to result in strong sturdy chicks; but her
second clutch may with prudence be carefully put away,
taking equal precaution to avoid shaking or otherwise
injuring or exposing them to the damp. They should be
embedded in sweet bran or oats, and gently turned each
day, so that they do not remain in the same position ; care
should likewise be taken that those only rendered productive
by impregnation be selected, otherwise much disappoint-
ment will ensue; therefore, where a healthy and vigorous
bird has full intercourse with his hens, the eggs may be
depended upon; but in the run of some yards that have
DORKINGS AS SITTERRS AND MOTHERS. lil
come before my observation, where from forty to fifty hens
accompanied two male birds, thereby rendering the
latter truly polygamous, their produce proved equally good
for marketable purposes, but valueless for incubation,
being either unprolific, or productive of miserable and —
weakly offspring. Not only should the eggs be rendered
prolific by the impregnation of a healthy and vigorous bird,
‘but the fresh ones only should be selected; I have fre-
quently proved by experiment that as the egg is more or
less fresh, so is the chick produced more or less robust.
This is particularly visible at the first stages of its existence,
after which period other causes and circumstances connected
with the mode of feeding render it difficult to say to what
extent it may ultimately affect it; but the supposition
appears rational, seeing it so much reduces their size and
appearance when first excluded from the shell; it is pro-
bable likewise, that if disease or irregularity in feeding
take place, such an one as may be produced from a stale
egg will be the first to suffer from its effects. A series of
experiments upon this point would prove very interesting, —
and if conducted with care and attention, novel facts would
doubtless be elicited. Fe
The gender of the egg cannot be ascertained by any
yisible or external appearance; length or breadth have
little to do with determining the fact, the cause is hidden
and obscure; the sex is determined upon long before the
shell has enclosed it, and it is in one of the latter pro-
cesses it receives its formation. This subject requires a
considerable further amount of elucidation before it will
become generally received, especially as many cling closely
to old theories, and closer still to proverbial theories, for
this reason I will dwell upon it more fully in an after part
in connexion with an appropriate subject.
bs
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
HATCHING AND REARING CHICKS.
No pullet of any class of fowls should be trusted as in-
cubator, no dependence can be placed upon her, she may or
not act with perfect propriety; it is, therefore, best to
engage the services of a steady hen, when eleven to thirteen
eggs may with prudence be placed under her, according to
her dimensions. She should be set apart from the rest of
the stock, for the intrusion of strangers in and out the nest
much annoys and interrupts her progress, or may cause her
to leave the eggs, thereby rendering them valueless.
The nest should be placed as near the ground as possible,
and sheltered from the inclemency of the weather. Food
and water should always be kept in readiness at a particular
corner, so that when she vacates her seat for the purposes
of supplying nature’s requirements, she may find supplies.
During the twenty-one days, the time taken for the purpose
of perfecting the process of incubation, she should remain
undisturbed ; but, upon the twenty-first morning, a little
soft food, composed of hard boiled eggs cut fine with sopped
bread well strained, but not by any means reduced to paste,
should be placed in one corner of the room or shed; so that
the hen may find something suitable for her progeny.
There is nothing striking about their appearance when first
hatched, the only peculiar feature being the extra claw,
which is visible the first day of exclusion from the shell.
Warrnth and shelter is all they require for the first twenty-
four hours, and this the mother hen amply provides them.
From the first time they are recipients of artificial supplies,
regularity must be observed; a small shallow saucer of
water should be placed within reach of both hen and
chickens, and frequently replenished. Their supplies of
sustenance must be administered in small quantities,
REARING CHICKS. 113
but given with frequency and regularity throughout the
day. When first excluded from the shell they form no
exception to the general rule of infantine impotency, and
through extreme weakness and inability are incapable of
sustaining their heads in any direct attitude, are moreover
covered with a moisture that causes their ‘* down’ to re-
semble hair, and adheres closely to the skin; their ap-
pearance is, however, somewhat strikingly different after
having snuggled under the parent bird, and snoozed away
a few hours of repose beneath her protecting wings.
Care should be taken to avoid needlessly handling them,
seeing equally injurious consequences are likely to result
from misapplied attention to imagined requisites as are oc-
casioned by actual neglect. The removal of that small
horny substance from the extremity of the beak, by many
practised to the present day, is perfectly useless, and in
many cases injurious ; useless, on the ground of the same
fallmg without applied means, from natural causes ; and
injurious, from a frequency of severe pressure occurring
whilst engaged in the act. Likewise the ancient custom,
but modernised by practise (I allude to the act of pepper-
corn or beer-sop forcing), is very absurd ; no chick requires
such ill usage, and excepting in very solitary cases, no
nestling needs such stimulants so soon after its exclusion
from captivity. Warmth certainly forms a natural and
wholesome feast for the first twenty hours, but not that
warmth arising from “force balls,” but the animal heat from
the body pressure of the hen. Supposing a brood of chicks —
to be irregular in their exclusion, arising either from the
eggs having been placed under the hen, for the purposes
of incubation, at irregular periods, or to the fact of some
being considerably staler than others, it is requisite for
the safety of the entire brood to remove them as soon as
H
114 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
hatched, otherwise, when for the purposes of supplying
nature’s requirements, the hen moves off to feed, a little
youngster may follow her, and should even the nest be
elevated, will still venture after the parent bird and
make his descent ; but to return he cannot, he is necessarily
either left to die, or the entire brood to perish. Removal,
therefore, in such a case is requisite, but should be done
with great care; a small basket is very handy for this
purpose, and after having been wrapt in flannel and placed
therein, a position before the fire until the remainder of
his brethren are in a sufficiently advanced state to receive
him, is all that is necessary or desirable (at the same time
no opportunity must be afforded for allowing his enemy,
the cat, to obtain possession of his person).
In most cases I much disapprove of meddling with
chicks, considering it far wiser, and much more in con-
formity with the regulations of nature, to allow the hen
the lawful privilege of bringing off her brood as she con-
siders best, nevertheless a prudent glance from time to
time, to see all is right, is not amiss ; the nest should be’as
near the ground as possible, to allow them to take flight
without descent.
Another practice of common occurrence, which proves
both irritating and annoying to the hens, is the frequent
changing and removal of their chicks for others not their
own, whose appearances do not always engage their fancies.
The hen is usually sufficiently acquainted with the characte-
ristics of her progeny to judge and recognise her own from
those of others, especially as their visible properties become
developed, and she observes their size and progress ; where
there are, however, many others of the same age and co-
lour as one or two of her offspring, she is generally de-
ceived. Were a hen privileged to lay and bring up her
REARING CHICKS. “115
own, there is very little doubt she would become still more
acute, and if matched with a bird of the same class and
feather, her chicks would be more of one colour, and no
other would she allow in her broods to pass unnoticed,
or without an effort at destruction. A few years back
a friend possessed a black game hen (Irish black) whose
incubating powers were unequalled in the annals of
his poultry journal; her instinct too was keen and
too acute to allow a chick of any other tint to escape
her notice, and her sentence of destruction was inva-
riably carried into execution upon every unfortunate
specimen excluded even in her own nest, whose appear-
ance did not resemble hers in cast and color. Upon one
occasion a few blood-wing pile eggs (game) of choice
quality and strain, were incautiously deposited in her nest
to make up the number of thirteen; she at once officiated
as incubator with her accustomed good humour, and re-
mained a close and constant sitter at her post until the
twenty-first day elapsed, when she again allowed her
cruelty to exceed her moderation, and of the eight chickens
which by the appearance of the shells were known to
have existed, not one remained alive; and, stranger still
to say, two in her anger were devoured (with the exception
of the head and legs.) It needs scarcely be mentioned
this vixen hen was not again permitted to indulge her
passions in the slaughter of her species, but was placed at
the disposal of the cook without delay.
If a full and goodly brood be desired at any one time,
the best method of successfully accomplishing this is to
engage the services of two mature hens the same day; if
one proves unfortunate, or some portion of the eggs un-
productive, the produce of the two may be united, and the
hen, thus robbed of her youngsters, again allowed a
H2
116 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
second charge of eggs (which, by-the-bye, should be
rather less in number than her previous sitting.) The
success resulting from this method is most assuredly
greater, and the means employed more practical, than en-
deavouring to make up the deficiency of a brood by
forcing upon a hen chicks whose size denotes a week or two
of older growth, whose appearance likewise arouses the
hen’s attention, and their wild cries betray her presence,
is far from desirable ; whereas the removal of the newly-
hatched chicks to the desired spot, if effected after dark,
leaves neither traces of annoyance to the privileged hen,
which cannot have too many chicks to please her, nor to the
robbed one, as a sitting of eggs, if given on exchange,
tranquillizes her mind and satisfies her fully. If but a day
or two have elapsed since their departure from the nest, and
during this time they have been confined to their mother’s
tender care, her color, size, and general appearance, her
tone of voice and actions, are so well known, that although
from the multiplicity of others of the same age and color
she be unable to distinguish hers, they are kept distinct by
the instinctive knowledge the little youngsters themselves
possess. Sometimes the solicitous mother, in her anxiety
to defend her offspring from molestation, or the maltreat-
ment of an enemy, or even from one of her own species,
will rush vigorously forward, little heeding the mischief
resulting from her own deeds in the trampling and scat-
tering of those so dear to her.
Upon one occasion I had the misfortune to become the
loser of the largest portion of a much prized brood, under
rather peculiar, but interesting circumstances—peculiar,
because irregular—interesting, because novel and pregnant
with incident. A game hen is the heroine of the disaster,
having full charge of a brood of nine chicks, of con-
REARING CHICKS. 117
siderable value, in my own estimation; four of the nine
were white Malays, and the remainder Shanghaes. It
occurred upon a fine summer’s morning, at half-past 6, and
the sun having considerable power, they were allowed to
indulge in a scratch and a stroll at liberty in the back garden
of a house not far from London, where they were left to
follow the dictates of their own instinctive desires for half-
an hour; around the entire garden was a lofty wall;
security from trespassing was therefore obtained. Upon
my return I was somewhat disagreeably surprised to dis-
cover they were not only out of sight and hearing, but the
wall had not been sufficient to restrain their wanderings.
At any rate, after an hour’s search under every bush and
shrub, no vestige was to be seen; at length, upon
entering the greenhouse, I espied one poor little shiver-
ing creature standing behind and guarded by a row
of geranium plants, his appearance indicating, in con-
nection with the involuntary trembling playing upon
the entire frame, that he was still the subject of fear,
and had been near the clutches of some malicious foe, for
upon my approach he ran towards me, his countenance too
plainly indicating to admit of doubt that he sought his
feeder’s protecting hand. He was placed in security, and
the garden round and round again explored, but without
avail, until at length I listened, and methought I heard the
distant clucking of the bereaved, but in that sound was
blended a counter echo, bespeaking pride, with nought of
dread, but boasted triumph. I soon reached the summit
of the wall, trespass or no trespass; not many seconds had
elapsed before 1 found myself upon the ground ; a second
and a third division o’er I leaped, and there too plainly
saw the sad spectacle. ‘The hen, ’tis true, was there
with one Shanghae, the smallest of the brood—-this little
fer oer rer a ere Bee me eer
118 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
marvel had been the means and innocent cause of the
mishap. The circumstance is plain and clear—at early
morn, when cats are all abroad, the brood was permitted,
under protection of the hen, to stroll around ; that trea-
cherous creature (the enemy of the poultry keeper) no
sooner spied the chance, than pounced upon the Shanghae
chick most distant from the mother, and bore it off in
triumph ; but quick as lightning the bold determined parent
pursued; her eye, the chicken’s safeguard, perceived the
danger of the scene, one wall was passed, a second, and a
third, when wings caught legs, and the blood that urges
forward the spirit of her lord in the battle strife, drove her
to desperation, and a bloody scuffle was commenced ; the
cat was not inclined to give up all her gains without a
struggle, but game blood flew, and spurred, and struck with
force and energy, and then at length the savage coward
dropped the prize, and flew far quicker than she at first
approached. But where was the Shanghae chick during the
encounter ; torn to pieces in the affray? No; strange
though it appears, he had escaped, but not without
a scar; but bones and skull and neck were all entire,
and these form staple fixtures and requirements in the
tribe of fowl. But the remainder of the brood, where
were they? Why, all this time unprotected, disabled and
alone, save with the cats (those vile wretches had plotted
the scheme for the annihilation of the entire family). The
mother hen having vanquished the enemy, was so much
reduced as to be unable to return to her crying ones, and
even had she regained her strength in time, the little
rescued one would have detained her. None but the
little one which found refuge in the green-house re-
mained behind to tell the sad but moral tale. The same
cat I trapped next morning, when I discovered unmis-
REARING AND FEEDING CHICKS. 119
takeable indications of my hen’s most noble conduct, and
upon the latter were sufficient evidences to satisfy me the
former had played her part; and considering it my duty to
spare miss puss any further annoyance or disgrace, I placed
her in such security as to justify me in warranting the
assertion as correct, that she was never after injured or mal-
treated by a hen. 13:
Fearing lest I am guilty of a somewhat lengthened di-
gression, I must immediately return to the “chicks,”
without apology, as such would but cause an extra delay,
especially if arguing the point on the propriety of expla-
nation were adopted. The first twenty hours after ex-
clusion the chicks require no nourishment; that is, sup-
posing they be hatched on the twenty-first morning of
incubation, nature having supplied them with a sufficiency
by means of the absorbing of certain portions and pro-
portions of the material egg; but when the chick, from
that inability arising from the extreme substantial texture
of his prison walls, emerges one day later, be it remem-
bered he may have been in being and received animal
existence at as early a period as any of the first hatched,
and has moreover evacuated and emptied his internal parts
before exclusion, as may be observed by reference to the
shell, which the former may have effected after their
escape; in such a case he requires nourishment three or
four hours after emerging from captivity. .
Asa rule, chicks do not require any attention until the
twenty-second morning from the first day of depositing the
eggs beneath the hen, and this, if followed, will result in
great success, say ten times out of eleven. For the first few
days the best of all food is hard boiled eggs, cut up fine,
mixed with stale bread crumbs, this forms the nearest re-
semblance to that but a short time since received into the
mma
rer rere ee er RR a mn SN
120 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
imternal parts for the development of the body. I never
knew it once to disagree, but have invariably adopted this
method, and the results have ever proved mutually advan-
tageous. Allow one egg to each chick in the brood,
beside bread crumbs, to last four days—that is one-quar-
ter of an egg per head per day, both yolk and white ; the
latter, although almost tasteless, is eagerly devoured by them,
and frequently preferred ; upon the fifth morning allow a
handful of split groats, which are very excellent as food,
a little stiff bread and milk, the latter must be perfectly
sweet, this equally applies to all articles of food, eatable or
drinkable ; continue the split groats for seven or eight
days, according to their strength and progress in picking up ;
after this period, whole groats form a most desirable food,
also broken or small wheat, screenings from the corn mill,
bruised oats, and barley meal mixed up in either milk or
water to such consistence as to be almost unbinding, that
is, it should not. be sloppy, or resemble paste, or be at all ad-
hesive, a little bran may be placed with it to advantage, and
by them will be preferred—one handful of bran to two of
barley meal are suitable proportions; until two or three
weeks old they require feeding four or five times a day,
seeing their little crops are incapable of holding any sub-
stance very much larger than from a full-sized pea to a boy’s
marble, at the same time digestion is very rapid ; first meal,
6 o’clock, a.m., or as soon as light; next, at 9, a.m.; in
the afternoon at | ; and the last between 5 and 6 in the even-
ing, allowing a supply for intermediate pickings; whatever
hours be selected they should be closely observed, and not
allowed to pass without the required meal being supplied ;
also, for the purposes of amusement (by-the-bye, the secret,
if any there be, in the successful rearing of Poultry, is
carefully supplying means of affording amusement, this is
REARING AND FEEDING CHICKS. 121
of great importance) a truss of hay or straw placed in one
corner of the apartment, in which a handful of groats from
time to time has been deposited, will prove of great attraction
to the youngsters, and afford them much healthy recreation ;
a supply of lettuce, cabbage, or green meat, should not
be wanting in the bill of fare, but placed at their dis-
posal; likewise from time to time a little sweet grass cut
up fine is desirable, and their eagerness to appropriate the
same to their special use proves too plainly their own
opinion respecting its merits.
If prevented by confinement from procuring me theae small
insects, worms, and other particles of matter so very bene-
ficial, and alike nourishing to the parent and the chicks, a
pallid visage, a droop of the feathers, and other indications
of a departure of energy is soon displayed, for of all food,
nothing can be found productive of the same amount of
lively effect as the combination of substances of their own
choice when abroad ; but still, when such is the case, a
little raw beef cut up very: fine, may with advantage be
given; the hurried and energetic manner in which they ex-
plore every corner for a few minutes, even after the feast
has been consumed, establishes evidence sufficient to prove
it is satisfactorily received. Be it remembered, however,
it should not be administered as food, but given medicinally,
care must be taken to avoid extremes ; being administered
for a special purpose and not as a common requisite, its dis-
continuance, when not required, is equally important; for —
instance, when the weather is sufficiently suitable to enable
them to explore in freedom a garden or a yard, without
danger of molestation, or being otherwise injuriously af-
fected by cold winds, the opportunity should not be lost,
and having found supplies, the animal food previously al-
lowed is no longer requisite, a craving or longing for it is
122 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
productive of much evil, causing a fowl to become restless
and irritable, and no longer satisfied with grain or vegetable
diet, the new laid eggs are pecked for trial, and as but few
fowls disapprove the flavor, they are then destroyed, and a
bad habit is acquired, (for the cure of which,in an after
number, preventive means will be prescribed,) arising from
a desire for animal food once supplied, and from which,
whilst young and from past usage a relish has been engen-
dered. . .
As the chicks progress, less frequent feeds will suffice,
and by degrees, as strength and feather are developed,
they may receive their supplies at the same hours as the
old stock birds; change of food is at all times requisite,
scalded barley, wheat, market sweepings, with what has
been already named, given alternately, with an occasional
supply of soft food at regular periods, will suffice as articles
of food to keep them in a healthy condition. Whole grain
should not be given to young chicks unless previously
scalded, and when at an advanced period, only in modera-
tion; any kitchen refuse will be devoured, and prove
equally beneficial, if sweet and fresh.
When hatched whilst the weather is severe—which, by-
the-bye, should be as much as possible avoided, especially
with the Dorkings, unless a seat in the family circle is not
objected to—a little bruised hemp seed with stale sopped
bread will prove very stimulating and wholesome, but
being heating in its effects, moderation in this case must
likewise be observed, or the skin will be materially affected,
and become dry and hard, and the feathers drop off in
patches.
Although over-feeding is frequently the cause of disease
and ill success, still it is equally important that in guarding
_ against it the opposite extreme is avoided, and that.the
COOPS FOR HEN AND CHICKENS, &c. 128
birds are not illiberally fed. If allowed to suffer want
whilst young, they will never pick up, or reach that per-
fection otherwise attainable, however abundant may be the
supply afterwards afforded them.
In the fattening pen the signs of neglect or attention to
early requirements are visibly displayed by their com-
parative readiness to fatten, and the quality of the flesh, and
prove to the owner the bad policy of keeping young birds
upon a scanty supply.
COOPS FOR HEN AND CHICKENS, &c.
If the weather be fine, after the second day of exclusion
from the shell, the hen and progeny may be placed under
a wicker coop, upon a dry spot, where the warmth of the
sun’s influence may be enjoyed for an hour or two, the
benefits resulting from so delightful an opportunity of in-
dulging their instinctive desires are incalculable; a greater
amount of advantage arises from one hour’s sport in the
open air, under the sun’s influence, than is produced by a
whole week’s wrapping up and cuddling before the kitchen
fire, seeing the display of muscular exercise necessarily re-
sulting in the former case is sufficient to circulate the blood
freely throughout the remainder of the day, or when re-
moved into the shade, its influence is still enjoyed ; whereas
in the latter case, the warmth being produced by artificial
aid alone, without a corresponding amount of voluntary
exercise, no after benefits result, and upon its removal,
as free circulation no longer exists, no warmth is expe-
rienced.
This coop may readily be obtained
in town or country, and being very
light in weight, is thereby suitable / | ] \
and convenient as a shifting en- / ‘
closure. = Til \\ \\S
124 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
The first time the chicks are privileged to bask in the
sun, care should be taken to avoid detaining them beyond
the boundary of prudence ; two or three hours, at the very
most, should only be allowed; but supposing the sun’s in-
fluence be felt no longer than the first hour, their removal
is then desirable. Damp ground or grass should never be
occupied by the tenants of the coop. Being open, and ex-
posed to wind and weather, the evening should find it sta-
tioned in the corner of a dry, warm, well-sheltered, and
equally ventilated apartment, where, in bad weather, it must
also remain throughout the day. Several coops may be placed
in one room or out-house, taking care to ensure peace and
repose by being a few feet apart, and retained in such
position by means of some weighty substances, otherwise,
whilst the chicks are sporting at one part of the apartment,
maternal affection, so intense, so ardent, cannot refrain
from indulging the desire of associating with them, and to
carry out her intentions, the mother hen places her head
and strength between the wicker bars, and with very little
effort the task is completed. Equal desires actuate her
companion mothers, and the same object is effected. Coops
are at length side by side, and strife and bloodshed exist
between the parent birds, and death to the little young-
sters, by trampling, ensues to those unable to escape the
battle field in sufficient time. The chicks are alarmed,
and frequently under such circumstances may be seen
stationed in one corner, and crying with one accord, and in
unanimous voice, that the parents may desist. All
trouble and annoyance of this character may be effectually
guarded against, by the coops being placed against the
wall, and kept in that position by the presence of a brick
in front and one on both sides.
COOPS FOR HEN AND CHICKENS, &c. 125
Damp is very injurious to the Dorking chick, and
must be as much as possible avoided.
The waterpan should be shallow, and
may be obtained at almost any china
shop. The same result may be
effected by obtaining three or four
flat bottom saucers of different sizes,
and placing them one in the other.
There isanother coop, which on account of the character of
ry
mee
its construction and utility is denominated the weather coop,
and rightly so, proving very effective in guarding against
its inclemency. During the summer it is sufficient guard
against wind and showers, but in winter should be located
in a similar retreat to the former open structure ; the roofing
must be waterproof, this is essential ; the back and two sides
of close boarding (draught, so very prejudicial to fowls,
especially to chicks of tender age, is therefore avoided), the
front alone is open, with wooden bars placed at regular
intervals, sufficiently apart to allow the continual egress
and ingress of the feathered youngsters, without the pre-
sence of the parent bird, until some six or seven weeks old ;
the middle bar, if on the sliding principle, and capable of
being removed at will, dispenses with the necessity of a
door, through which, if need be, the hen is allowed to follow
126 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the strollings of her brood. A sliding bottom, easy of
removal for cleansing purposes, is equally or more desirable
still, and operates in a two-fold beneficial manner; when
removed, the mother finds herself upon the actual ground,
and as soon takes advantage of the favourable circumstances
presented by scratching and indulging in a roll, for which
no opportunity exists whilst the bottom is of board. By
shifting each morning, a few minutes’ work with a scrubbing
brush will remove all impurities, and after remaining the
rest of the day in the sun, may be again brought into requi-
sition. T’o carry this out, two sliding bottoms are required.
The coop should be raised three-quarters of an inch
above the level of the ground, for the purpose of guarding
against damp, this may be readily accomplished by means
of a support placed at each corner, of the required thickness.
It should not, however, be raised too much, or the rapid
progress of the chicks will be retarded in their attempts to
return to their parent. Many of these particulars will,
doubtless, readily suggest themselves to our readers,
especially to such as have taken an interest in this field of
amusement, still it becomes requisite from time to time to
be reminded by friendly hints even of subjects with which
we are well acquainted ; moreover, whilst perusing a volu-
minous treatise upon the natural objects presented daily to
the view of an observer and lover of the beauties of creation,
how much additional interest results to the reader from the
discovery that portraits of his own often felt, though unex-
pressed, ideas are accurately drawn, described and placed
before him; likewise with what readiness of conception are
other portions of the same work grasped, and the interest
produced increased ; for these and other reasons a certain
amount of minutie is requisite in establishing the intrinsic
value of a production.
COMPARTMENTS FOR HEN AND CHICKS. 127
The already mentioned sliding cover should in the even-
ing of the day be drawn over the bars or front portion of
the coop, to prevent the chicks from wandering, when
damp and dew covers the surface of the ground, and satu-
rates the turf and herbage ; likewise to avoid the misfortune
of becoming the prey of their foes, so numerously abroad
at early morn.
Ventilation, at all times so needful, is no less so in this
instance ; a few round holes therefore must be cut in front,
towards the top, to ensure this object. In bad weather
these coops should be removed into an out-house, barn or
stable, for the purpose of proyiding a comfortable dry run
for the chicks, so very essential to their well doing, but
not by any means every time a shower falls, as their water-
proof covering is sufficient to ensure temporary resistance,
but in the event of long and continued wet, when the wea-
ther is so inclement as to entirely confine them to the in-
terior of their not by any means spacious dormitory, the
advantages of removal present themselves ; but whenever
an opportunity exists for allowing out-door exercise, it
should not be neglected, as nothing is so beneficial as the
muscular exercise and voluntary activity so frequently dis-
played when enjoying the full effect of the sun’s influence.
COMPARTMENTS FOR HEN AND CHICKS.
Where many are reared, and prime breeding a consi~
deration, it is requisite to have a range of pens constructed,
and partitioned walks for chicks of different growth, where,
according to size, they may receive allowances; for in the
case of a host of chicks of different ages being fed in one
body, no peculiar or select feeding can be adopted, and all
are either served alike, to the injury of the weakest, or a
useless expenditure occasioned by a large consumption
128 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
of that comparatively expensive food young chicks alone
require.
é
— a +
AS TRV ATINE YN RAS NYAS VAI AAT RAN AANA
, AK NINN NN AWA NA NN AN ANANAW A
oe ped
WW
1 bel ee ET | Ne Fe
A. Represents six compartments for sitting hens, where the chicks
may remain until the third week has expired from the
first day of their exclusion from the shell, apart from the
annoyance of strangers or maltreatment of the more powerful
of their own species, Five square feet should be entirely
enclosed, leaving room for the egress and ingress of the hen
and chicks; the roofing, however, extends five feet beyond,
forming an open shed to the enclosed apartment, and being
ten feet under cover. If stormy winds arise, or showers
descend, a comfortable and sheltered spot is found, without
being confined in their evening dormitory, which, however,
in case of cold weather terminating the day, affords a
retreat. The partitions constituting the divisions of the
compartments consist of wire, laths or trellis work, but so
much depends upon taste, inclination, and the length of
purse, that it is at once useless detailing any precise or
definite method of displaying style, the present object of
this undertaking being only to expound the rudiments and
as
HOtse
COMPARTMENTS FOR HEN AND CHICKS. 129
actual requirements, perils to be avoided, and advantages
resulting from proper, rational, and natural management.
If the partitions be open work, a foot or two of close board-
ing towards the bottom is necessary, both to prevent the
chicks from trespasing, and becoming the victims of an
enraged and strange mother, tender towards her own, but
confining her affections to them, and maltreating the off-
spring of others, and for the purpose of preventing the two
. hens from engaging in a pugilistic encounter they are so
very liable to whilst thus engaged in rearing and fondly pro-
tecting their own; seeing at this season of year, from the
above cause, their dispositions are materially affected, and
that irritable, though noble spirit, is predominant.
. Represents six larger divisions, each capable of accommodating
two full broods, the difference between these and the former
consists in the night apartment being divided into two sepa-
rate compartments, but both opening and having an entrance
to the same plot of ground; at the extremity of the walks a
range of open sheds is constructed, ten feet wide.
. The infirmary for invalids, or any troubled with a malady
requiring particular attention (if the fowls and chicks be
properly managed the inmates will be but few).
The enclosed apartments of A. B. and C. must be well ven-
tilated, and the floors raised a few inches above the level of
the surrounding ground, over which there should be light
moveable wooden floors, capable of being shifted at a moment’s
notice for the purposes of cleanliness.
The five feet open shed adjoining should be laid with unbind-
ing gravel, and the walk before it of well-drained turf—sweet
grass possessing untold virtues.
. Refuse depdt, placed as near the exterior as possible, for the
convenience of removing rubbish or manure as collected.
. Represents the tool and utensil department.
. Food preparing department.
. Food and grain depét.
. Egg house—this compartment may be fitted up according to
the fancy and other requirements of the manager, as count-
ing house, &c.
I. A long shed containing fattening pens.
K.
and L. Represent a field, divided with the intention of allowing
the inmates of the compartments represented by B., the op-
portunity of enjoying a full run every third day.
i I
ses cree rere renee er Re eee nsnien See
I30 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
These arrangements may appear very extensive and ex-
travagant to some, but it must be borne in mind equally
extensive are.the products and advantages derived. Where
but a few broods are reared, almost any outhouse or water-
proof and well ventilated shed will suffice to answer the
purposes of shelter and protection from the inclemency of
the weather, but where several dozen head of poultry are
continually being transmitted to the market, larger require-
ments necessarily arise. Many broods should not be con-
fined in one-compartment, or some will receive much injury
from the violence of others, and even oceasionally by the
mother hen herself, as in her hurried and precipitate at-
tempts to protect her young, she tramples them under her
feet when running towards the object of her revenge, or to
the disliked and unwelcome visitor. Likewise the oldest
and strongest chicks much ill-treat their younger brethren ;
dividing, according to circumstances, is therefore requisite.
Divisions are alike advantageous, for when the mother hen
forsakes her progeny, five or stx broods may be placed
together in the same space as was previously occupied by
two ; the separation of cockerels from pullerets is necessary
for the production of first-class specimens, but the time
is regulated by circumstances, and by the particular class
kept; some fowls arrive at maturity much quicker than
others, and therefore require being separated at an earlier
period, the time may be observed by the frequent advances
of the male towards the female. Also, where pullerets are
intended to be reserved for select breeding purposes, they
require to remain apart from the males.
Those of our distinguished breeders, who by their
superior judgment have attained to any standing as fanciers
of the day, are well aware of the advantages resulting from
this method. Cockerels should not have the stimulating
ADVANTAGES OF PROPER MANAGEMENT. 131
appearances resulting from the continued presence of a
multiplicity of pullerets, or the unlimited opportunities of
indulging their powers of production, seeing they receive
by domestication alone so great an amount of stimulus.
If many birds are reared in these divisions, it is very
advantageous, every third year, to carefully take up the
enclosed turf and remove a few inches of the surface soil
for fresh, when it may be laid as before. This is not
absolutely necessary to their existence, but I can testify as
to its beneficial and wonderful effects, and to the comfort
and vigour it imparts to the inmates. Doubtless some will
say —“‘dear me, what inextricable difficulties, what needless
but everlasting directions about keeping fowls; why, we
were accustomed in our country town to throw down the
corn and place water before them, allowing them to eat
the former and drink the latter as best suited them, and
with regard to cooping the chicks, dividing or separating
them, or taking up turf, we never troubled our heads
about it, but allowed them to run about when and where
they chose, and upon the same ground for twenty years.”
And may I ask what was the result of this scientific mode
of procedure? How many the produce upon a given space?
What the quality of flesh? And lastly, at what price per
head were they disposed of to the public? As a matter of
course the required answers are not forthcoming, arising,
perhaps, from the modesty of the illustrious breeder already
adverted to; it is, however, not less requisite they be
responded to. ?
We will therefore impose upon ourselves the task, and
endeavour with impartiality to accomplish it. It is well
known, by the accounts furnished us, together with the
individual amounts forwarded to market, that under the old
system alluded to, not more than one-third could have been
12
132 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
reared and bred upon the same given quantity of land.
Not to speak of the advantages resulting from the present
mode, inasmuch as there being more fowls reared, more
are kept, and therefore eggs are far more plentiful, and a
wholesome and nutritious food thus readily obtained, at a
lower rate, as may be known from the fact, that —
“¢The Poultry Mania’ in this country has caused a decrease in
the importation of foreign eggs to the extent of more than two
millions and an half in one month, by increasing the quantity
and improving the quality of the fowls reared at home.”—North
British Daily Mail.
Now for the quality, as existed under the old system ; it
was certainly so far good, seeing in many instances the
breed forming the subject of these pages (the Dorking)
now so highly esteemed for the extreme delicacy of its
flesh, was then in vogue, though not by any means in such
perfection ; the average size, taking one hundred, and di-
viding the aggregate weight by that number, will bring
each single specimen reared at the present day some three
or four ounces ahead of those produced some years back.
With respect to the price; that the influence of the old system
upon our present prices is not yet extinct, is certain, seeing
in many instances improved ideas are still neglected; but.
though the influence is manifest, so visibly distinct are the
advantages arising from modern improvements, though
in their infancy—so great and successful the result—that the
prices, although high to what they will eventually prove,
are still low as compared with the former ; and such would
doubtless have been more obvious still, had not further
additions to stock been necessary to compensate for past
neglect. So taking a cursory glance, the present appearance
of affairs is encouraging, as must be the case, to all lovers
of progressive improvement, to ascertain a result so favour-
pet Pa
AILMENTS, WITH RESTORATIVES. 133
able; perfection, however, must be our standard, and
though unattainable, success will still await us. ,
AILMENTS, WITH RESTORATIVES.
The Dorking chicks, when hatched early in the season,
require great care, warmth, and protection, especially from
the age of three weeks, until their down and fluff give
place to feather. At this period they not only require
that amount of care usually bestowed upon other chicks,
but particular attention: is needed for the prevention of
the most apparently trivial circumstance proving detri-
mental. Damp, above all things, must be sedulously
avoided ; every sunbeam taken advantage of for the
purpose of indulging their inclinations with this most
delightful opportunity of exercising their limbs unre-
strained. One hour’s recreation under the influence of
the sun is far more beneficial than any amount of artificial
heat ; but care should be taken they be not overdone, or
allowed to remain longer abroad, at one given time,
than is suited to their tender age.
With respect to the period best adapted for the rearing
of Dorkings, I certainly consider that a greater number of
chicks are successfully reared from broods hatched early
in May (if seasonable weather prevail), than at any pre-
vious or after period, and on account of the favourableness
of the weather, that particular care absolutely necessary
to the successful rearing of the broods hatched at an
earlier period, is not so imperative (be it remembered I am
alluding to the Dorking chick only.) Damp affects them
more than cold, and should be more particularly avoided ;
the shorter the legs of a fowl, the more this may be ob-
served. (They are not by any means so hardy as the
Shanghae or Spanish.) As soon as a chick has the ap-
134 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
pearance of being ruffled in his feathers, droops the wings,
raises the back, draws his head in close connection with
his shoulders, looses his appetite, or in chicken-like
fashion, piques for the body pressure of the hen, his
immediate removal is necessary.
He may also be at once recognized by his run, for when
unwell, he is carried forward by the mere action of the legs
without any bodily or energetic motion ; whereas, if healthy
and robust, the visible characteristics of energetic display
may be observed in the youngest chick, together with
voluntary motions of the neck and body. When first ob-
served ailing he should be removed, and no time lost in
examining the cause, as the removal of the origin and
seat of the disorder will, in all probability, restore his
life, if the disease be taken in its first stages; but if not,
his removal will be the means of preventing his com-
panions from imbibing the same malady or infectious disease,
so probably resulting from his presence. If there exists a
general debility amongst a brood, or looseness of feather,
a liberal allowance of stale bread soaked in chamber-lye is
the best restorative, this may be continued for six or seven
days successively at the regular breakfast feeding time ; and
once or twice during the same period, chopped onions with
bread crumbs may be administered as the evening meal.
The hen, generally so kind and attentive to her feathered
progeny, 1s wanting in discretion when any malady over-
takes them, in which case death alone terminates their
career ; if left to her care without applied and medicinal
remedies being resorted to, a peck or a trample are the
usual methods employed by her in furtherance of her in-
stinctive and intentional relief, which but seldom act as
restoratives. The fact is, most of the disorders originate
in mismanaged domestication, and are not primitive com-
AILMENTS, WITH RESTORATIVES. 183
plaints, therefore, the instinct of the parent bird proceeds
no further than to the restoration of such as are in them-
selves natural and not acquired.
Many reasons exist sufficient to account for the con-
siderable difference existing in the appearance and actual
progress in the development of the feathery armour of the
winged tribe; and even of the same class and brood, chicks
irregularly supplied with nature’s requirements, and but
partially and negligently sheltered from the inclemency of
the weather, will not only be less thriving, and a deficieney
of size and weight be perceptible, but visible evidences
ever exist in their feathery coats when an opportunity of
comparison presents itself by the presence of another,
whose general indications of health, strength, and rapid
progress too plainly and surely publish to admit of doubt
the feeder’s superior attention and care; likewise the pro-
duce of pullets and stags, when bred together, feather but
slowly as compared with such as are the offspring of mature
birds.—(See page 106, part 3.)
The cockerel can seldom be distinguished from the
pulleret by his plumage until the eleventh or twelfth day —
after his exclusion from the prison walls, when indications
are presented to an experienced eye sufficient to denote the
existing and differential sex ; in'some specimens such cha-
racteristics are not so fully visible until a later period. In
a general way, the flight feathers are more fully developed
in the cockerel than in the pulleret; whilst in the latter,
that requisite appendage, the tail, becomes the soonest
manifest. In the Dorking class, the black-breasted reds
more readily, and at. an earlier period than any others,
show indications of their sex; whilst the greys, but more
especially the speckles, are considerably behind-hand, and
far more modest in this respect,
136 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
The entire class, however, exhibits a precocity of con-
stitution, and arrives early at maturity; at the age of six
months a cockerel should weigh about 7-lbs., and a pulleret
of the same age 6-lbs.. They do not, ae reach full
plumage until two years’ growth. A male bird hatched at
any given time is a cockerel or chicken until the ensuing
Christmas-day, when he is denominated a stag, even sup-
posing he be hatched but the day previous (this i is, however,
seldom the case) ; upon the arrival of the second Christmas
he becomes a cock. The female is a pulleret (chicken)
until the first Christmas, when she becomes a pullet ; upon
reaching the second she must be considered a hen.
Tam aware different local ideas exist with respect to the
above terms and modes of distinction, but they appear to
me to answer all required purposes, and for this very
reason I unhesitatingly adopt them. I must once more
impress upon my readers the necessity of change of dict
being attended to, and should be even more rigidly en-
forced where fowls are kept in confinement. I have known
instances of chickens being reduced from the weight of
four to three pounds in a few days, and were actually
starving, whilst at the same time full supplies of grain were
_ before them, which however they refused, but upon soft
food being substituted (barley meal and bran) they de-
youred it eagerly, and being supplied with the same for a
short time, recovered their regular standard. It is there-
fore necessary to regard the appetites of fowls as an im-
portant indication of internal condition.
FLESH AND FATTENING,
( Dorking, as Dead Stock.)
Fattening is one of the subjects which will occupy a suc-
ceeding number of this work, and therefore but a few
—
FLESH AND FATTENING. 137
remarks are necessary in passing. The flesh of this fowl is
highly esteemed for the table, and the high reputation it
has so long enjoyed it no less merits, being white, succu-
lent, juicy, and very delicate in flavour, and stands un-
rivalled by any other breed. Hence its value as a market-
able fowl, and its ‘peculiar adaptation to localities where
there exists a great and continued demand.
This is the fowl generally caponised in England, but in
France the art is far more extensively practised.
A thriving forward brood should be ready for the fatten-
ing pens at the age of twelve or thirteen weeks, whilst
later chicks, brought out not very long before cold winds
prevail, and therefore enjoy but a limited supply of the
beneficial influences of the sun, are seldom in a fit state
until an additional three or four weeks have elapsed.
When placed in the pens, fourteen or fifteen days are
required for peckers, that is, such as are allowed to eat
without forcing, to become fit subjects for the market;
whereas nine or ten days cramming will ensure the same
result ; when heavy weights or prime specimens are desired,
a few days longer penning will suffice, but when once really
fat, not only may they be handed over to the cook, but it
becomes absolutely imperative, as they will not remain so,
but dwindle away to irrecoverable loss.
For fattening successfully, there are four things to be
_borne in mind, and which are of the utmost importance—
suitable cooping, regular feeding, proper food, and lastly,
though of primary importance, cleanliness.
Coops are made in various forms and sizes, some large
enough to place a dozen in, but no room left, when once
located there, for the purposes of muscular exertion ; others -
are made capable of holding one fowl only, with a sufficiency
of room for the inmate to turn round. In these private
138 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
boxes they are detained from one to three weeks, and
regularly fed three times a day upon oat or barley meal,
and other fattening substances. If heavy weights are de-
sired, they are cramme:l with pellets af food not less than
twice a day, the middle meal however they are allowed
to swallow as they please, and at intervals, according to
their own discretion; but the morning or evening supply
is not administered unless the craw is empty, and in a fit
state to receive it. Clean water and sometimes milk is
kept before them; during their stay in the coop particular
cleanliness is observed by means of the bottom being
formed of flat bars running longways, and each bar abvut
two inches apart, which allows all excrement to pass
through, and the coop being raised about twelve inches from
the ground, is rendered thereby sweet and wholesome.
CONSTITUTION.
The vigour of the chickens much depends upon the con-
stitution of the birds from which they spring, and this
forms the main reason why such numerous and conflicting
statements are current respecting more especially this class
_of fowl; some authors have considered them tender and
anything but hardy; whilst others, of unquestionable
authority, assert they are strong, robust, and of vigorous
constitution. 3
My own experience has proved that from one Dorking
cock and hen I have bred almost invariably hardy chicks,
that is, they took more or less after the parent stock;
whilst from others equally Dorking, though of different
blood, for several successive seasons nothing was produced
but weakly and ill thriving broods, although hatched
CONSTITUTION OF THE DORKING, 139
within a few days of the former, and subject to the same
treatment.
_ These are not the only instances. I have reports from
friends whom I stocked with birds, in various localities,
and from the generality, their good qualities are spoken
highly of, and no mention being made as to the general
state of health, I have a right to consider they are thriving.
There are, however, many that are really good and
valuable in themselves, but still appear more liable and
subject to disease than the generality of others, and when ©
such is the case, the produce are more or less consti-
tutionally liable, and therefore require great attention and
careful sheltering from every detrimental influence, to
ensure successful rearing, especially from the third to the
sixth or seventh week ; in fact, whilst their down and fluff
is being changed for that of feathers, is the critical period,
when a blade or two of saffron in their water pan is bene-
ficial, being stimulating and comforting; good feeding is
also requisite. ‘Their excrement should be observed, and
if relaxed, a little common chalk should be placed in their
water, and a change of food given; if in perfect health
their excrement is of a stiff matter, and having at one end
the appearance of white-coloured mortar attached; by
watching this it may be observed whether the food supplied
is suitable to their tender appetites, and in conformity with
their internal organization; a small quantity of green meat
should be supplied from time to time; although it may
appear strange, it is still a fact, that many birds are at-
tacked by diarrhea from being kept entirely upon hard
food without any allowance of green; for instance, a fowl
will sometimes drink extravagantly, which is caused by
internal fever, this excess of liquid produces more or
less relaxation of the bowels; now, to rectify this, supply
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140 FERGUSON ON FOWL,
green meat, such as grass, lettuce, or cabbage, with their
food, which will be eagerly devoured, and will cool the
internal heat raging within, by the medicinal properties
which nearly all vegetables possess, and such being reduced,
will cause the fowl no longer to crave for that liquid which
previously produced temporary relief, but by his own
instinctive reduction of liquid, the internal parts will neces-
sarily receive less moisture, and the bowels be brought to a
healthy state ; this is not precisely the case with all animals,
but I am fully satisficd such is the fact with reference to
this bird. I dwell upon this complaint as being one which
the Dorking is liable to, and which, if not promptly met,
proves very weakening and reducing in its results. I con-
sider the Dorking, as are nearly all white-legged fowls,
more liable to the roup than are the others, they therefore
require out-door exercise. How disastrous are the conse-
quences if care be not taken when cooped up many days toge-
ther, or closed within the narrow pens of a London or Pro-_
vincial Exhibition; they should not therefore be too long con- '
fined, but allowed to again obtain fresh strength and vigour
before their reappearance. At one of these places but a
few weeks since, we beheld fowls, especially the Dorkings,
suffering from this most infectious disorder ; but worst of
all, the water was so placed that the disease could traverse
the whole line of pens; the roup is frequently spread by
fowls drinking from the same pan in which diseased birds
have cleansed their beaks whilst drinking: for the sake of
illustration I will here point out the evil as it existed, as
well as the mode in which it may be rectified. The pens
were divided by partitions between which were three or
four birds ; in the front of each, between the two pens, were
placed water pans, so that each pen had on either side half
a pan, and the other half communicated -with birds on
CONSTITUTION OF THE DORKING. ; 141
either side, which had likewise not only this half pan but a
corresponding half on the opposite side, the remainder
communicating with the next pen, and so on. For the
convenience of my readers I present them with an illus-
tratlon—
AS IT WAS. — AS HERE PROPOSED.
Now supposing a bird in D to have the roup, as several
had in the exhibition alluded to, he is able to drink from
the pan on either side, and which communicates to E and
C: the fowls in these divisions partake of the impreg-
nated water, and being already rendered very susceptible
to disease through close confinement, readily take it, they
likewise drink the water on either side, and again, their
next door neighbours catch and inherit this infectious dis-
temper, which, in their turn, produce, through the agency of
the water, an equal effect upon the nearest within reach,
and so the distemper spreads, and the whole row become
roupy and diseased. |
Now, if an entire water pan were placed in every
division, instead of each having two separate halves, they
would have equally as much water, and any pen containing
disease would thereby be kept apart and distinct, and the
distemper being confined would do no mischief, save to its
inmates; the next thing is, there should be a projecting
board of a few inches in width between each division in
front, by this means the fowls would be unable to place
142 FERGUSON ON FOWL,
their heads through sufficiently to do injury, fight, or worry
each other, as was the case upon several occasions that
came under my own observation.
I mention this, seeing the Dorking will not bear that
close confinement which some fowls are capable of, without
showing evident proofs of their constitutional aversion to
it in the form of apparent disease, nevertheless, if every
requisite be attended to, they may be rendered far more
capable of bearing up against it than when such precautions
are neglected.
They are said to degenerate rapidly when removed to
any other locality than that which gave them birth, or
when removed far from Dorking itself, to lose their dis-
tinguishing characteristics of value. But why? Is it
because of the difference in the temperature? or the more
exposed situation of the spot? This may have some little
to do with it, and no doubt has, but not everything—much
less is my opinion than is generally supposed ; it is but a
part of the cause, which arises mainly from mismanagement
when at a distance, and not because at a distance. For if
far from Dorking, it is difficult to procure specimens of
different blood of the Dorking breed to keep up the stock ;
and being somewhat difficult, it is postponed, to the injury
of the breed, as well as the reputation of the entire class.
Now the Dorking requires keeping up more than almost
any other class of fowl, and the reason is, because we expect
of it more than any other ; now supposing this be neglected,
as is generally the case when the bird is sent to the north
or elsewhere. What istheresult? Why, rapid degeneracy.
Are we then to consider this is caused by the situation
being more exposed, or the temperature varying? Certainly
not ; the cause is through negligence in not procuring fresh
blood ; neither are we to consider the locality the means of
cata
DISEASES OF THE DORKING. . 143
producing the evil, seeing it principally arises from a diffe-
rent cause. I trust therefore, when frequent importations of
fresh blood into the Dorking are generally regarded as
absolutely necessary, and acted upon as proof of conviction,
this fowl may no longer be considered as any other than a
hardy species, and become far more capable of enduring
change of temperature than is the case at present.
DISEASES.
The principle diseases and maladies to which this fowl.
is more especially liable, are roup, diarrhoea, and diseased
feet. The roup in the Dorking fowl is principally caused,
or rather developed, after confinement in ill-ventilated,
dirty roosting-houses, exposure to wet or cold winds
during the moulting season, or whilst very young, and
continued confinement in exhibition pens ; it is recognised
by a visible discharge from one or both nostrils, at first —
limpid, but ultimately fetid.
Irom whatever cause it arises, the sufferer or sufferers
must be immediately removed from their companions, and
taken to a dry, warm, and well-ventilated apartment, the
nostrils and face throughly cleansed with. warm salt soap-
suds morning and evening, and fed upon soft food, bread
and milk, oatmeal and milk, bread soaked in old ale, &c.,
alternately.
There are many recipes for this disorder, all of which
are of little or no value unless corresponding care be taken
to keep the birds dry and warm, with plenty of clean
water, not only while the cure is being effected, but
afterwards also, or they will most assuredly suffer a relapse ;
roup pills for the first three or four nights, composed of the
following ingredients, should be administered.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
2 tea-spoons full scraped horse radish
y grated ginger
mustard
flour of sulphur
oatmeal
with as much fresh butter as will form it into a stiff mash:
this quantity may be divided into three pills, and one given
for three successive nights, at the same time providing them
with water, in which as much rue has been previously
infused as produces a strong bitter taste; all other means
of supplying themselves must necessarily be cut off. If
after four or five days the bird be not improved, it is far
better to kill him, as if he has the disease sq severely as to
be unable to receive any benefit from the mode I have
prescribed, it will be almost impossible to effect a per-
manent cure; a bird also may appear to have recovered,
and yet, when introduced to his mates, it is too often
found, although he appears well, his companions, soon
after his return, sicken of the same complaint, and this
infectious disease ranges the poultry yard; also, at the
ensuing moulting season, he is again very liable to be
affected with it more or less, and if so, will instill it into
the hens and other fowls before its presence be even
perceived. If I had at any time a bird in my own yard
which had suffered from this disease, I would never allow
him to return to his hens (although cured of the malady)
without placing him for two or three weeks with a few
common fowls; if they, at the expiration of that time, took
no harm from him, then I would venture him with his more
valuable hens, but upon no account before ; but if the bird
were not a valuable one, would immediately dispatch him,
considering it by far the wisest, most economical, and safest
method of proceeding. I must here make one remark—
DISEASES OF THE DORKING. 145
nine cases of roup out of ten, as well as of all diseases to
which fowls are subject, proceed from actual negligence
in the shape of omitting the supply of proper food, con-
finement in ill-ventilated or dirty fowl-house, or lack of
clean water.
Diarrhceea—Is principally caused from want of exercise,
long continued and unvaried or improper food, or foul
water. Hemedy—exercise and dry feeding; if barley has
been the staple provision, then soft food, as a change is
requisite ; barley-meal and bran, or coarse middlings, and
a supply of chalk in the water. A meal or two of parboiled
riceis also very beneficial, and may be given at all times with
advantage. If the complaint continues severe, a small
piece of alum placed in the water pan will retard its pro-
gress, supposing the inducing cause be removed, but. not
without. |
Diseased Feet and Toes—Principally caused by the pre-
sence of a supernumerary claw, or rather the injuries
received by that member in some accident or skirmish,
when it frequently becomes broken or mutilated; it should
be as soon as possible washed with lukewarm salt water,
well dried, and the injured part bound up; if the super-
numerary claw be nearly separated in the affray, it is ad-
visable to entirely remove it, or it will ever be in the way;
this may be done with a sharp knife or pair of clipping
scissors, and the whole foot bound up with linen to prevent
any particles of dirt or foreign matter coming in contact
with the injured part, which would impede its healing ; it
is, however, astonishing with what rapidity any injury
inflicted upon the pedal limbs of birds in general becomes
healed.
Being weighty they are liable to corns upon the soles of
the feet, principally caused by pressure and consequences
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146 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
arising from their rapid descent from a lofty perch upon some
hard substance; likewise, confinement to a gravel walk
invariably results in birds (especially the males) becom-
ing ultimately “ bumble-footed.” No permanent cure can
be effected when once corns have taken root—neverthe-
less, temporary relief may be afforded by placing the bird
in a bag, allowing his feet alone to remain out, and having
soaked them for an hour or two in warm water, a consi-
derable portion may be removed by the application of a
sharp penknife, when he should be placed to a grass walk.
I feel an imperative necessity, called forth by the serious
and all important nature of the subject, to again maintain,
with strict adherence to the rules already substantiated, that
the Dorkings be tenanted in dry, clean, and well ventilated
apartments during the night, with the further necessity
of appropriating to their use equally comfortable corners
to take refuge in during the day, when storms or the
inclemency of the weather overtake them.
PROSPECTIVE RESULTS.
The improvements necessarily resulting from close in-
vestigation into the laws, which govern any branch of
national economy, are no less apparent to an observant eye
in this than any other section of the natural world, or such
as may receive a more direct or immediate advantage.
Ere long, I trust, to perceive that indifference, issuing
from the imagined trivial importance of the subject, give
place to an equal amount of untiring energy so much dis-
played by our countrymen whilst engaged in other pursuits,
and so striking a characteristic of the race. The inevitable
success attending a line of action at once so doubly bene-
ficial, and no less praiseworthy, will be productive of equal -
advantages to the producer and the general public, instead
ad
THE DORKING—PROSPECTIVE RESULTS. 147
of small—extensive will be the returns; in the place of
disappointment—distinguished success; consequences so
favourable will not lose the wanted effect upon our re-
quirements, but large supplies extend both to our metropo-
litan and provincial markets, and such being the case, prices,
once so exorbitant, will be reduced to that degree of mo-
deration as to bar but few in the more frequent and exten-
sive use of an article of food so wholesome and luxurious.
To the attainment of this object is my pen directed in its
course, to decipher the method of onward progress my
task. Poultry consumers, therefore, with producers, are alike
at once my friends—to them I offer and extend the boon.
“ Tit-for-tat” is all Task ; let honourable means engage the
thoughts of honourable men, and the result will prove
mutually advantageous.
eer reer ate meer aeermer re ean ere errr oe gene ee aoa
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
THE POLISH FOWL.
HISTORY OF THE POLISH FOWL.
THAT we are again minus the aid of ancient records re-
specting the ancestry of this class of domestic poultry is
conclusive, seeing nothing but vague and indefinite theories
exist respecting the origin of the entire family, and that
such encouragement is not forthcoming to aid our researches
is equally palpable. ‘The only course, therefore, opening to
the view of the researcher of family distinction is the care-
ful selection of such brief notices as have been furnished
from the remotest period to the present day, and the close
observation and comparison of the outlines of characteristics
and the peculiar habitual tendencies of the respective fami-
lies ; such will prove a surer guide than tracing words or
names, or perusing travellers’ reports, save where a tra-
veller has proved a naturalist too, when double credit,
reliance, and attention to his observations on the natural
world are truly well bestowed; names but, indeed, mislead
and often tend to misconception and obscurity, unless
appropriately given. The name Poland is apt to introduce
the idea into the mind that the country known as such was
the locality from whence they sprang, such was however
not the case; the word Poland, as applied to this striking
fowl, is derived from poll (Dutch term meaning top) the
peculiar feature of notoriety being the elevated cap of the
skull which extends to all varieties of the Polish family,
and from its base rises the globular cluster of feathers known
as crest or topknot; here, then, we prove the name
alludes to form and not locality, to shape of skull and not
<
HISTORY OF THE POLISH FOWL. 149
to birthplace; but a further difficulty awaits us if Poland
be not the country, where shall we cast our eyes? Various
countries have been assigned by travellers, each one dis-
posing of the preference to his own peculiar choice without
providing proofs or groundwork for argument. St. Jago,
St. Domingo, Peru, Mexico, and many parts of South
America, besides a host of other localities in Asia have in
their turns received the credit appertaining to the mother
country, but without avail. The fact is poultry have been
less deserving in the esteem of nations the privilege of
engaging the pen of the historian than is the case at pre-
sent, ever worthily received, ever had in respect, as proved
by dedication, still their biographies not found within
the circuit of literary pursuits, their history neglected
though their persons amply provided for, such is too surely
the position occupied by this compartment of poultry
detail. i
Guatemala has been set down by some as the required
locality, seeing birds bearing considerable similitude were
found by travellers at a remote period; also various parts
of the globe far distant have been considered by others the
most probable, as birds bearing much the appearance cf
orignality, and belonging to a primitive order, were said to
have been domesticated for an unknown period.
Some naturalists, with probability on their side, regard
the Paduan or Patavinian fowl, described by Aldrovanus,
as entitled to be regarded the progenitor of this family ;
a fowl bearing in many points a resemblance, if we may
judge by the rude portraits, together with the equally in-
definite and vague description furnished us; possessed of
the principal feature, the elevated skull, together with the
crest and muff, a possible connexion may certainly exist ;—
differences, indeed, we perceive, as size, colour of plumage,
Pe ere at eee er Sere ace ane errr eR er
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
bill and feet, but years and many circumstances are suffi-
cient to render these differences passable—their size and
weight considerably exceeds those known as Polish in the
present day, but the well known results of breeding in
and in are fully sufficient to account for the present exist-
ing reduction. But from whence came the Paduan?
Timmerick has described the Gallus Gigantus, or Javan
eock which Cuvier and Latham assert, the progenitor of
the Paduan or Patavinian.
Buffon supposes the Paduan to have originally come
from Asia, and mentions the Persian cock, also the gigantic
cock of Rhodes and Pegu as the probable progenitors.
The most careful examination, the most solicitous
inquiries have failed to elicit further facts connected with
the origin of this as of some other species of fowl, neither
are .researches likely to prove fertile, seemg we have two
distinct antagonistical causes which are incontendable ;—
Ist, the absence of stable records bearing upon the sub-
ject ;—2nd, strict domestication and the presence of many
admixtures with the breed, bearing more or less resemblance
to it, and thereby rendering characteristics “ acquired ;”
such admixtures were the result of past not present ex-. -
perience, sustaining the characteristics of the breed, atten-
tion to form and colour were but slightly recognised as
important in the domestication of poultry in by-gone days,
hence the difficulty of tracing or extending researches
bearing upon this point, which, in our opinion, will ever
remain at issue.
Polish fowls have long been imported from the Nether-
lands into this country ; the mercantile disposition of the
Dutch led them to trade actively in this as with other
commodities; but from Poland we have received but few
supplies, neither can we trace in the latter country any
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE POLISH CLASS. 151
reasonable cause which can be assigned for sustaining the
supposition that from thence they originally came. From
whence the Dutch first received them we have no authen-
ticated accounts, but suggested probabilities only, which in
_this as in other matters are numerous; we, however, prefer
abstaining from enumerating, as tending rather to confound
than define, to confuse what has been already advanced,
rather than establish.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE POLISH CLASS.
(Fowls bearing topknots alone included in this class. )
Topknot—this the most. striking: characteristic of the
class, cannot be too fully developed ; in the cock the feathers
are long as in the saddle-hackle, and part in the centre,
falling in a circular form round the head; in the hen they
are far more beautiful.and curve inward from the base, of a
globular form, and sufficiently full to render her incapable
of seeing any object save in a direct line.
Skull—does not follow in a gradual curved line with the
beak as in other birds, but at the approach of the head an
abrupt ascending line is perceptible, forming a protuberance
and a very elevated and rounded skull cap, from which
springs the topknot, this peculiar form of the skull is
observable in the youngest chick.
Comb.—In some specimens two small fleshy spikes
resembling horns are apparent, in others no such features
are observable; different opinions exist as to the genuine
feature; by many the spiked-comb cock is considered of
impure origin, and the latter alone descended from the
ancient Pole*. In my opinion the fleshy horns are more
* A very noble bird,larger than any extant varieties of this class, with-
out the slightest appearance of a spike or comb, but merely a red skin or
membrane growing perfectly flat over the base of the bill.
ee eee eee
ee eres mee ere eee a ane ernie re ee een
[= a Ree,
152 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the result of domestication than a proof of foul breeding ;
be it, however, understood, not that domestication entailing
cross-breeding so frequently combined, but merely that term
as applied to confinement with a full supply of the necessaries
of life stead of precarious, also warm housing and shelter
from the inclemency of the weather tends to encourage ani-
mal exuberance, which must sooner or later betray itself in
some exterior form. I donot, however, mean to pass over
an actual comb as such, but merely the small spiral horns.
Specimens possessing anything approaching a double or
single raised comb should be immediately expelled from
the fancier’s stock as being of unquestionable impurity.
Beak—Elevated, wide towards the base and short, and
of a leaden colour.
Nostrils—LElevated, of considerable width and somewhat
raised towards their exteriors.
Hye—Full and bright, in the white specimens the iris is
of a fawn or pale straw; in the spangled, a bright hazel ;
and in the black, a still deeper shade. This valuable
member we are not privileged to behold until a minute
inspection of the bird in hand be obtained, as the topknot
entirely hides it from view, at the same time making full
compensation for the loss by its own extreme beauty.
Beard.—This appendage is by some considered as a sign
of impurity, whilst others, equally eminent, regard its full
development as important as the crown; the public are,
moreover, divided in their preference as to the superiority
of the bearded over the beardless in point of beauty. My
own experience convinces me the truest specimens, and
birds with the most fully developed and perfect crowns, are
usually bred from bearded specimens; I consider them
originals, although not so long domiciled in England as the
unbearded. In the latter the neck is more slender, with a
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE POLISH CLASS. 153
minimum show of neck-hackle compared with the former,
in which is usually exhibited a mass of golden feathers,
suspended from a well balanced head and neck, so very
prepossessing and no less effective. The skull forms more
of a protuberance in the bearded, and, therefore, the top-
knot necessarily more fully developed.
The beard is a collection of feathers immediately below
the eyes, having the appearance of a triangular-formed
muff, gradually diminishing in bulk towards the approach
of the neck, that is, it usually becomes further developed
round the cheek.
Neck—Should be well arched and elevated.
Breast—Wide and very protuberant, especially in the
white-crested blacks. |
Body—Round, plump, and compact, tapering behind,
and with but little offal.
Wing—F ull and ample.
Tail—Rather erect and moderately full, with well
defined sickle feathers in the male.
_Shank—Must be clean in all the varieties and rather
short, varying from a deep blue black, to a light slate hue ;
toes slightly webbed.
Carriage—Lofty and aspiring ; when the male is offended
or otherwise excited his agitation is perceptible to the eye,
both in the throat and the convulsive movement of the
entire frame.
Crow—Not by any means melodious, but rather harsh
and abrupt.
Disposition—Of haughty demeanour and high metal,
though not offensive, still very courageous, and will
instantly repel intrusion or insult.
5 ree ear te Sern eran ere ae me ree eee ee Saeed —
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
VARIETIES.
The differently coloured plumage, &c., of this family
render it necessary, for the sake of distinguishing the same,
to classify into varieties or sub-classes such as permanently
differ from others in these respects, there are—
1. White-crested White (bearded).
. Black do. do. ——
. White-spangled Yellow (bearded).
. Black and White-speckled (bearded and unbearded).
. Gray or Grizzled (bearded).
. Cuckoo (bearded).
. White-crested Blues or Dun calico
Blue-crested do. do. (do. )
. White-crested Blacks and Albinos (unbearded).
. Black do. do. (bearded).
. Golden-spangled (bearded and unbearded).
White-crested Golden-spangled (do.)
. Silver-spangled (bearded and unbearded).
White-crested Silver-spangled (do. )
Besides these there are several mongrel races possessing
a small tuft or crest behind the comb, and falsely recog-
nised by the Polish name or crested-fowls.
The term-“ everlasting layers,” as applied to this fowl,
being equally applied to several varieties, is apt rather to
confound than elucidate, and, therefore, we are compelled
to cast adrift such title, considering no class of fowls should
have more than one appellative, no variety but one
distinguishing name; and, furthermore, that several classes
should not be recognised by any other than their own
respective designation.
To avoid reiteration no mention is again made of such
characteristics as have been previously enumerated—as be-
ey ee ee
POLISH VARIETIES. 155
longing to the Polish class—save where a difference exists,
therefore, where silent,it may be inferred such are applicable.
White-crested White (bearded ).— Are very beautiful birds,
and stand unrivalled for the subdued delicacy of their
plumage although strong contrasts for which other varieties
are distinguished and prized are not prevalent, still equally
gratifying are the effects produced from their extreme and
peculiar delicacy of feather. Both cock and hen should
be of a settled white throughout, including topknot and
beard, in which no trace whatever of black should be
perceptible. The hackles of the male are sometimes of a
very pale yellow tint, as well as the larger wing coverts.
The body round and plump, with well plumed tail standing
rather erect; neck-hackles short butclose and full; shank and
toes of a pale blue,and the beak of a similar hue. In some, in
the place of the comb, the two fleshy spikes already alluded
to are observable, in others no such features are present.
From partial resemblance to the white specimens, “ Albi-
nos” occasionally produced from the white-crested blacks,
they have been by some recognised as belonging to that
variety ; such, however, is not the case, seeing they gene-
rate their kind in form, colour, and constitution, whilst
the produce of Albinos return to the original colour black.
Black-crested White.—It will be observed this variety
has not been omitted in “ the list,” although regarded by
some as extinct, of which, however, no proofs exist. To
provide a proof of absence is usually more difficult than
that of presence, still this variety but a few years since ex-
isted in several localities, although, I must confess, in very
limited numbers. I do not, however, feel justified in allow-
ing so beautiful a variety so soon to escape the boundaries of
classification and to become unnoticed and unknown.
This bird was evidently described by Aldrovandi, and must
156 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ever have been regarded with admiration by all lovers
of this interesting family of nature.
The body should be of snowy, subdued whiteness, as in
the former variety, with the crest of a jetty black, pro-
ducing great relief, and rendering the contrast peculiarly
striking. The bill and claws afford further relief, and
present the varied shades of blue and light slate.
They are of full size, being rather larger than the gene-
rality of other Polands, with round capacious bodies, pro-
tuberant breasts, and with but little offal.
W hite-spangled Yellow( bearded )— Are of extreme beauty
and peculiar excellence when purely and regularly marked.
The general ground of the body, of both male and female,
is a light yellow, or creamy tint, with each feather of the
breast spangled with white. The neck and saddle-hackle
feathers of a light yellow, and the wings’ coverts of the
male of a deep golden hue, in the female of a light yellow
with laced wing coverts. ‘The topknot and beard should
be of snowy whiteness, and the feathers of the former tip-
ped with creamy hue; in some they are of a bright cream
spangled with white. The tail of a light yellow ground,
similarly spangled. These birds progress in beauty, in-
crease in size and quality of feather, until the third or
fourth moult.
Black and White-spechled (bearded and unbearded )— Are
of peculiar appearance, varying in colour from a mixed-
gray to a silver-spangled cast, with white crests spotted
more or less with black ; many exhibit but an unsettled
and irregular appearance, and indicate too plainly their
origin. Birds bearded and unbearded, but differing in no
other respect in colour, size, or general appearance, are
generated from the same parents, showing recent admix-
ture and unsettled hereditary characteristics. We have,
_ A "A | 4
if q a 4 cH i o Vp
“propa: CA peuckes$oury
POLISH VARIETIES. 157
however, met with exceptional cases, where specimens of
this sub-class have presented a regular and uniform appear-
ance; such, however, are indeed exceptional.
Gray or Grizzled (bearded ).—Many specimens of this
variety present a similar plumage to the last-mentioned
sub-class, but are usually more inclined to grizzle in fea-
ther, from the distinguishing peculiarities of which they
obtained nomination; this, however, renders them of an
unsettled colour. Some are neat in appearance, but rarely
present clear hues or definite markings. Most of them
look far better upon close examination than when at a
distance, there being tints which require minute inspection
before their merits can be appreciated. |
Cuckoo (bearded ).—These birds, more or less, resemble
the two last sub-classes in plumage, but are of a far more
delicate tint; some specimens exhibit a fine and rather
prepossessing exterior, and indicate a blending of subdued
colours, as produced by artistic nicety of calculation; the
hens are very neat in appearance, with light greyish crests.
White-crested Blue Dun (unbearded ).—The cock of this
variety frequently presents a ground of dull streaky blue-
black, with hackles of a corresponding hue, but usually
darker, with white ear-lobes, rather long wattles, and dark-
blue legs; they are seldom seen of a very uniform or
settled hue, when such is attained, they merit a consider-
able share of admiration. The hens, when well feathered,
are very neat; the blue dun tint, in some instances, appear-
ing of a silvery cast, and reflecting both light and shade
with clearness. The white crest forms a most beautiful
relief to the eye, and renders them favourites with all
privileged to behold; they are, however, but seldom to be
met with perfect in England, but principally on the con-
tinent, where varieties abound.
158 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
One remark is here unavoidable. We have, for many
successive years, received supplies of fancy fowls from
abroad, comprising diversified varieties, especially from
localities situated near the torrid zone, where still exist
innumerable sub-classes, which in this country are unseen
and unknown, save by report; some have produced still
less effect, and remain hidden in obscurity.
That heat is sufficient of itself to generate colour is evi-
dent, and that many of our imagined distinct varieties
are but the effect of that powerful stimulant is equally
evident. In cold or temperate regions colour lies compa-
ratively dormant, but where subjected to the influences of
heat, tints and hues are developed, diversity originated
into multiplicity and never-ending variety, each of which
generate increased variety ; but, when transported to cold
temperatures, retain and breed their own colour with far
greater precision and permanence. The botanist, with all
his study of nature and her laws, can accomplish compara-
tively but little without the aid of art; he knows too well
the generating and stimulating qualities of heat, to over-
look such an acquisition in the production of his variegated
and innumerable tints. Nature bespeaking in these similes,
her laws and requirements are observed, and, as a reward,
her otherwise hidden treasures are developed.
In the same locality exists an entire unbearded dun
variety, but with a similarly coloured crest, presenting
thereby nothing peculiarly attracting for its contrast or
delicacy of feather: the lover of subdued tints may, how-
ever, gratify his fancy by selecting such as are uniform in
feather and of a settled shade.
_ White-crested Black (unbearded ).—This variety is too well
known torequire minute description for the sake of rendering
the specimens recognisable; still where such parts and points
~ e
—— ee
POLISH VARIETIES. 159
are considered consequential, mention is equally requisite.
They have been long recognised as an ornamental fowl, and
no less valuable in an economical point of view, in our
poultry establishments; indeed their beauty is apparent at
a glance, and requires not that educated or refined eye as
is requisite for the appreciation of some.
To be rendered eligible as exhibition birds, the entire
plumage of the male must be of uniform black, enlivened
with metallic green shadings. The crest feathers of pure
white, save the frontal or short feathers at the base of the
bill, which are invariably black (unless stained by art);
the comb should be very diminutive, and, if examined, will
be found to present two small fleshy spikes standing erect ;
wattles of coral redness and rather full; beak blackish ;
ear-lobe white; shanks and toes blackish; soles of feet -
varying in tint from a fleshy or spotted hue to nearly
white. Their general form is compact and close, possess-
ing rather short legs, but a dignified, noble, and haughty
carriage. Neck should be finely arched; breast full and
very prominent; tail full and carried rather erect, is well
arched, and must be of an uniform black, shining with me-
tallic lustre, and not inclined to grizzle or appear gray, but
of a decided black to the roots. 7
The hen should be of a similar feather throughout, and
not inclined to speckle, of compact and close form, with
small bone. The crest in the hen is far more beautiful
than in the male, being globular and white, but possessed,
in like manner with her lord, of black short crest feathers
at the base of the bill, but more diminutive, also white
ear-lobes, and small rounded wattles.
A full grown cock should weigh about 54 Ibs.
= hen 5 Py
This variety is frequently confounded (as are some
160 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
others) with the Dutch breed, and termed “ everlasting
layers,” on account of their great aversion to incubate.
From the white-crested blacks are occasionally generated
* Albinos,” of a uniform white feather (unbearded), with
light eyes, which are usually but weakly in constitution,
and, if bred from the issue, more or legs resemble the black
in colour, but thetk immediate parents (the white) in form
and constitution. (See White-crested White variety. )
Black-crested Black (bearded )— Are very scarce, and
resemble in plumage the white-crested black, save in the
crest feathers, which are of a decided black ; they, more-
over, possess a black beard, with legs and toes of the same
colour, presenting an entire black suit throughout, are well
made, and of an easy but dignified deportment.
Golden-spangled (bearded and unbearded ) —Are very
beautiful and extremely rich in plumage. In the cock the
general ground of the body is a bright yellow-ochre,
spangled with black, reflecting greenish shades; the wing
_ Coverts are more minutely laced or spangled, and the lower
parts of the wing of a similar bright colour. The crest
feathers should be of an uniform chesnut red, with as little
white as possible, but if of a pure and unmixed white still
more preferred. Beard full and black, N eck-hackle very
full, which, together with the saddle-hackle, should be of
a bright golden ochre tint, Ear-lobe whi‘e. Tail full,
and of a rich deep ochre spangled with black, the streamers
being of a darker tint, Legs, claws, and beak of a light
blue or slate colour, but perfectly clean. Feathers round
vent and thighs black, though the latter is sometimes
spangled.
The hen is of a similar feather, but less brilliant, still
we expect her to exhibit ‘spangles more definite and de-
cided in their character; the neck-hackle, breast, and
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POLISH VARIETIES. 161
back, should be well and evenly spangled, and not patched.
Wing coverts well and evenly laced. The crest in the
hen is of a dark tint, spotted with black, but frequently
nearly black, but should be even and globular.
A description of this bird, however accurate, is but the
description of one specimen; and, seeing every one differs
more or less in some minute particulars, it would be use-
less to dwell upon every perceptible existing difference,
and as equally ineffectual.
A full grown cock should weigh 54 to 6 Ibs.
ms hen a 4} to 43 ,,
Stlver-spangled. —'The ground of the feathers of the
former being substituted for a silvery white, this most
beautiful variety is at once pictured to the imagination;
the silvery white tint relieves the eye considerably more
than the bright ochre in the previously described bird,
and is, moreover, more delicate, whilst the crest is usually
more fully developed than in the golden-spangled; but this
latter is remarkably rich in plumage without being gaudy.
Tastes, therefore, will ever differ, and right it should be
so, for the pure generation of each kind. Both must be
as regularly and clearly marked as possible, but the span-
gles in the silver variety being the more conspicuous, it
becomes doubly imperative. A splashed or mottled plu-
mage proves fatal to their claims as fancy stock, and,
moreover, renders them valueless as exhibition birds.
Some are much more laced than others, but, to whatever
extent, unless clearness with precision be united, they
will never stand the test to which they are subjected from
the scrutiny of our fastidious judges.
There are many birds whose appearances more or less
sanction their classification as sub-varieties of the Polish
family. Innumerable are the crosses, and the produce
K
162 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
thus generated, having been again irregularly matched,
have produced piebalds and speckles of all shades and
colours.
In almost every farm yard, where heterogeneous breeds
abound, may be observed birds with a crest from the size
of a diminutive Polish down to that which claims the
count of six or seven feathers. To enumerate and furnish
descriptive portraits of each would be a work we would
hail were advantageous results pending ; such, however, is
not the case, but equally valueless would prove the fruit
and the attempt. :
THE POLISH BEARD.
The material form and external appearance of this pecu-
liar feature has already received our attention under the
head of “ characteristics of the entire Polish class;” but
the indications and intrinsic merits or demerits of this
appendage has been reserved for present discussion. —
A fowl possessed of a beard without a crest may prove.
offensive to the refined eye, but when combined, the neces-
sity of the former is at once perceptible, when absent, too
great abruptness in one particular part, too strong a con-
trast between the elegant shaped neck and the extended
crest, without a corresponding peculiarity, renders its style
incomplete, and the specimen but partially peculiar; if
peculiarity of form or feather in any bird constitutes choice
qualities or beauty, that peculiarity, whatever it be, must
necessarily be fully developed. A little peculiarity forms
nought but ugliness, seeing it violates the existing laws of
symmetry ; whereas extended and fully developed pecu-
larity, rarity and value, and becomes governed by other re-
gulations, and bound not by hitherto recognised restrictions.
Asin the Shanghae, if his form be midway between the most
So 3 d ¥
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PLIUV Jalos 7 Ss
= eae oa
THE POLISH BEARD. 163
elegant fowl and his own, he is at once considered value-
less, and far from beautiful. If his peculiarities be but
partially developed in a moderate sized tail, an even back,
but a very few feathers down the leg, only a slight con-
traction underneath the crop, a middling wing, he is con-
sidered upliness itself; because these peculiarities, which
distinguish him, until far more extended, are not sufficiently
peculiar or striking to constitute extreme contrasts with
other fowls, and, having no pretension to elegance, the |
bird is at once doomed to be discarded as an outcast from |
the establishment of the fancier. Let these properties be |
but fully extended and developed, and the bird becomes
at once valuable and recognised as beautiful, being judged
by different rules from those which render elegance beau-
tiful, and refinement valuable.
I firmly believe the bearded variety of Polish is the
primitive order, partly from the observation that, if of
pure blood, the beard is invariably transmitted to the off-
spring ; moreover, one bearded male bird placed in a yard
will, in one season, make wonderful alterations m the
appearance of the stock of chicks, and would in three
years render the whole of the offspring so generated more
or less bearded. If such feature were acquired by cross-
breeding or domestication, this class would not possess
more than usual power to transmit this characteristic, but
being obtained from a hereditary source, it becomes of
necessity developed more or less in all the offspring. The
two figures (Aldrovandi’s), one is beardless, the other
bearded, nothing, therefore, can be gathered from that
source, save the fact of the partially original character
of each.
But from whence arise the beardless? That many are
‘the result of an admixture with the Hamburgh is certain,
164 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
seeing in the offspring of some are transmitted from time
to time veritable proofs and indications of the true charac-
teristics of that bird, there being evidently an indication to
the production of a double comb in one or other of the
after produce ; when such is the case, a proof is obtained
undeniable: sometimes, however, indications bearing less
external difference from the originals may be seen in
beardless specimens, such as action, walk, habits, watch-
fulness, &c., and may be easily recognised by the searcher
of nature, and establish proofs of impure descent ; but be-
cause many are the result of an admixture, is not sufficient
of itself to justify the idea that all specimens, minus the
appendage, are thus produced. I have seen many beard-
less specimens in which no such peculiarities existed, no
such habits distinguishable, and in the produce, for many
successive years, no trace of these characteristics, but
bearings in exact similitude with the parent birds: this
forms evidence sufficient to prove that, if they be a cross,
the admixture must have taken place at a very remote
period, that is to say—the bird with the beard must have
been matched with beardless specimens, and again the
issue of such with others, until the beard was eradicated—
care having been taken to select such as possessed the
crest, and were as near the original colour as possible, but
with the least show of beard, and the issue bred together
until a race became established and recognised as a distinct
class. Many of our varieties have been thus produced,
but years and by-gone days conceal particulars, but Na-
ture reveals sufficient evidence to prove, even in the
absence of records, that such are facts. Some naturalists
appear eager to draw fine lines about slight differences: a
beardless bird having a tuft of feathers is recognised:as of
different origin, and not only so, but distinct from those
Ie RTT
THE POLISH BEARD. 165
possessing: the tuft with the presence of a muff or beard,
although of similar cast and colour, habits, and disposition.
But why? Is it because there exists no perceptible
groundwork in such specimens for the production and
development of characteristics which distinguish others?
Is it because of the great external differences and the
absence of resemblance, or from the fact that the issue
for many successive years retain such distinguishing
qualities? The last reason is certainly the best; but, be
it remembered, although we may consider and recognise
various breeds by certain names, and call them primitive
varieties and separate classes, for the sake of distinguishing
such as have been produced by select breeding and at
length become permanent, from such as have been more
or less changed by domestication or climatic influences,
still we shoyld but mean by the term “primitive ”—
primitive compared with the present generation, or with
others of a heterogeneous descent and not as originally
primitive. 3
Compare the bushman with our European friends—the
little dwarf with our lifeguardsmen: in the former, diffe-
rences exist not only in size but colour, not only colour
but tone of voice and language, habits, disposition, consti-
tution, and, in fact, to the hair of the head; when we
regard the internal condition, greater differences become
apparent. ‘There is as much difference between a Briton
and a bushman as exists between a Game fowl and a
Silky fowl—a Malay and a Negro fowl. The two first,
if united, will be productive of issue, and such issue again
productive equally with the latter pair. What saith these
facts? The family is one—the first man Adam, the
bushman, and the Briton, are one in blood, however revolt-
ing may be the idea to the refined or enlightened. The
166 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Game fowl when united to the Silky fowl, or the Malay
with the Negro fowl, produce issue perfect im themselves,
and capable of further producing their own species ; but
when the pheasant is mated with the domestic or wild fowl
the result is very different. But why? Because Nature’s
laws and requirements are thereby violated; she has
classed her productions, and man, by such act, is endea-
vouring to blend them: all his efforts must fail—just and
merciful the God of Nature that such the issue. What
then is the result of such mating ? The female so matched
produces prolific eggs it is true, but the offspring generate
not their kind—there the matter stops. .
The she ass and the horse are by men, by constraint and
fraud, matched, and the mule is thereby generated, but
he latter proves unproductive. The goldfinch and the
eanary are mated, but in the produce exists no further
powers of generation. What saith these facts? So long
as the family constituted as such are mated, whatever
differences exist, caused by time, age, climatic influences,
or diet, the produce shall be productive. But were such
to be the case when the devices of ignorant, vicious, and
depraved men lead them to violate or abuse their natural
constitutional requirements, what would be the result?
Why monsters would cover the earth: that reason distin-
guishing man and the instinct imparted to the animal
blended.
Accountable creature man! rendered unaccountable by
means of instinctive admixture ; but the inevitable issue is
=r
horrible to gaze upon. Nature and her beauties would be
thereby irrecoverably defiled.
We, therefore, feel bound to maintain, with due respect
to different opinions advanced by many distinguished natu-
ralists, and men of undoubted authority and comprehension
Geatentecainneee
lator
SSE SE
Ses
SE
i ee
THE POLISH BEARD. 167
that we perceive no ground for retaining the supposition that
each of our varieties of domestic fowl (Gall) claim a dis-
tinct and separate origin upon the ground of their charac-
teristical difference, or from the permanent character of
their produce, but consider that the former merely provides
proofs of great and extensive changes having taken place,
as before described; and the latter, that the breeding in
and in for many years is capable of rendering stock pro-
ductive of specimens with more or less regularity in tint
and colour, and of establishing many permanent coloured
races; and, further, that all such, whatever size or colour,
habits or disposition, as when mated with ordinary domes-
tic fowls, are capable of generating prolific offspring,
belong to one family, but further :-—
~ Which and how many were the primitive varieties of
this family is unknown; but what I here wish to maintain
is, that many of the present varieties, recognised by some
as distinct, have been produced by art, and have no claim
to originality. At the same time we have no night to sup-
pose the buff Shanghae had the same origin as the silver- 3
spangled Bantam, merely because such is possible; or we
might imagine the Newfoundland dog and the black and
tan spaniel, have a right to claim the same descent.
That Creator, who rendered many fowls of the air to
differ but little from each other, and many of the count-
less insects each other so resembling that ‘man can
detect but little existing difference without the aid of
- magnifying power, which have, nevertheless, instinct suffi-
cient to render their generation select—may not that same
Creator have originally called into being many pairs of
birds of this “order” differing in different respects, or
may be closely resembling? Certainly. The redbreast
and the nightingale, save in the tinted breast, are near
168 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
allied, still they ever retain their own respective society
and blend not their blood. When such is done by man,
then we are compelled to interfere, and cast adrift a
wrongful nomination, and readjust a name indicative of
facts. For this reason we maintain the buff, the black
and white, or partridge-brown Shanghaes, are, if purely
bred, of one common descent, and the silver or golden-
spangled, the black-breasted, or the purely black Bantam,
are derived from one source, although indirectly. That
the white-crested black Polish, or the golden or silver-
spangled Polish, bearded or unbearded, spring from one
origin, or obtain their characteristics from one common
source, although admixtures have altered such from primi-
tive characteristics. That the black or brown-breasted red
Game cock, the Dun, the Pile, or the Duckwing, although
so different in feather, had but one common descent, and
derive their peculiarities from that source, although man’s
art has altered colour to his mind by breeding in and in,
or crossed with other birds and strain, and, having produced
the desired tint or form, continued breeding from such
specimens as developed most his fancy, until at length that
peculiarity became permanent and ever exhibited itself in
the offspring—and the more carefully selected the longer
effected, the less “ crying back,” and the more and more
permanent it became, until at length no vestige or trace of
olden tint or form becomes observable.
By breeding specimens of one branch of the family
which had been the subject of many changes, with others
equally though differently changed by years and other
climatic influences, the produce so generated again exhi-
bited a blending of the two peculiarities, and the produce
being bred in and in, classes distinct in appearance have
been formed.
“THE POLISH BEARD. 169
For one example (though not on equal footing, still suf-
ficiently evidencial to prove the possibility of forming an
apparent new variety by admixture), some seventeen years
sincea friend, by name and nature, possessed a white-crested
black Polish cock, which he matched with a brown-red
Malay hen, the produce so generated were of the most
peculiar appearence—one of the male birds took after his
mother in respect to size and form, but resembled the
father, though imperfectly in colour, and possessed, more-
over, a few feathers in the crown. ‘This bird he bred with
a white-crested black Polish hen, and several of the produce,
especially the pullerets resemble the Malay in form,
but possessed a fair share of the Polish characteristics,
when mated with a brown-red Malay cock, proved .
highly interesting, several of the male specimens stood
twenty-three inches high, but were very nearly black,
and possessed, especially in one specimen, a considerable
topknot. For five successive years they and the produce
were bred with Malays, and the result was the production of
‘several fine specimens, two of which, cock and hen, were
perfectly black, without any indications of a crest, or even
the elevated skull, but resembled the Malay in shape, size,
and carriage; these were bred in and in for several succes-
sive years, until a permanent colour was established, though
now and then a slight crest appeared in diminutive form;
but peculiar to say, although the colour of the specimen
was invariably inclined to black, the crest came brown
(this being the original colour of the plumage of the
original Malays); if these birds had been further bred
together and judiciously sustained, the breed might have been
preserved, and by the selection of the purely back speci-
mens, this so produced variety might have still existed to
deceive the world.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
POLISH BREEDING STOCK.
The laying of the foundation stone is always regarded as
an important feature in the erection of the mansion or the
cathedral; equally important to the fancier is the selection
of pure and perfect’ specimens, and such as fully develop
every requisite characteristic for the foundation of success
in his less assuming and more moderate desires. That the
male bird be of different strain to the hens is of great
import, equally so the after occasional importation of fresh
and vigorous blood into his stock of the same class, but of
different strain for the production of first-rate hardy
offspring (which is necessary every other year). Although
the Polish family have suffered much from the evil effects
of breeding in and in, still, be it remembered, even that is
far better than the admixture of a distinct family which
renders the produce valueless as fancy birds, although the
parents may have been prize birds of their own respective
class.
Therefore, although the importation of fresh blood is
imperative, no less important is it that the blood so imported
be of first-rate quality, and-equal, at any rate, to the old sort,
or the admixture had better be postponed until such can be
procured, although slightly over the bounds of prudence.
In the stock selected should be developed every charac-
teristic regarded as desirable as to colour and general
appearance, neither should the form of the bird go
unexamined, seeing deformed specimens are not rare in this
family, and where such is the case it is frequently trans-
mitted to the offspring, and becomes hereditary. To detect
a curvature in the spine a glance will frequently suffice, as
the back is raised in a curved line from the hips of the tail,
and being most elevated midway is easily observable,
sometimes causing the tail to be unevenly carried. It is
POLISH BREEDING STOCK. 171
either produced from a hereditary source or the immediate
effects of in and in breeding. Sometimes one hip bone
protrudes more than the other; if there be a doubt as to
the presence of this defect such may be readily dismissed
by placing the hand flat upon the back, taking care to hold
the bird evenly, when it at once becomes tangible.
Not only is it important to observe (as in other breeds)
that brother and sister should not be matched together,
but seeing the crest feathers are not fully developed until
the third or fourth moult; neither pullets nor stags should
be bred from, but only cocks and hens, that is only such as
have reached the second Christmas from their exclusion
from the shell.
From old birds are usually produced chicks possessed of
most fully developed crests, and chicks which feather
quickly and soonest arrive at maturity; whilst from three
year-old hens, when mated with stags, are generated the
‘most robust stock birds.
- Sometimes they throw or cry back, and from the golden-
spangled are produced silver-spangled specimens 5 likewise
the male of each variety, when matched with the hen of
the opposite colour, that is if the golden-spangled cock be
mated with the silver-spangled hen, he engenders as pure
and perfectly marked silver produce as those produced from
the silver-spangled cock and hen, or the silver-spangled
cock and golden spangled hen inlike manner produce clearly
marked offspring, indicating plainly their relationship as
splits from thesame block, and evincing their original identity.
In the generality of cases when birds of a different
feather are matched the produce run mealy, mottled,
piebald, or speckled, according to the feather of the parent
birds, and receive their characteristics indifferently from
the two as well as from antecedent admixtures.
Ly¥2 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
A prominent and peculiar characteristic is not easily
lost, it may be and necessarily will be much diminished by
cross-breeding, but it will be found when mated with birds
of a different class possessing wonderful influence over the
progeny. The bearded Poland attaining his characteristics
from a hereditary source, invariably breeds bearded
offspring. All birds more readily acquire than loose a
feature, especially where such is a prominent character for
‘this reason, as before stated, match a bearded Poland
with a beardless fowl, and every specimen thus produced
will possess this characteristic of the Polish class in a greater
or less degree.
For cross-breeding the Polish proves no less valuable, the
produce running small in bone, but round and plump in
flesh. A summary of importances may thus in a very few
words be expressed.
ist. In selecting stock procure one cock and two or three
hens possessing the necessary characteristics as before de-
scribed, with every requisite feature fully developed.
2nd. Take care the former be of different strain to the
hens, though of the same feather.
3rd. Whichever be the variety selected every care must
be taken to avoid an admixture with another bird of a
different feather, even though of the same class.
4th. Import fresh but equally good blood into the breed
as often as it can be procured.
5th. Never breed from relations, and more especially
avoid consanguinity necessarily resulting from brother and
sister being matched, such mating invariably proves dege-
nerating in its effects.
6th. Neither breed from stags nor pullets, but from
full grown and mature cocks and hens. (This applies to
the Polish class alone.)
POLISH AS LAYERS. ia
POLISH AS LAYERS.
Polands are classed by some amongst “ everlasting lay-
ers,” being remarkably productive, usually commencing in
the spring, though a little later than the generality of
others, but continuing on and off until the autumn, or
moulting season. There are amongst them, as in every
class, some whose powers of production are indifferent ; but
such are quite exceptions to the rule. The eggs of the
entire class are of moderate size, but the multiplicity more
than compensates for deficiency in weight; the shells are
perfectly white, and of an oblong shape, being more obtuse
at one end than the other.
FAC-SIMILE OF THE “POLISH” EGG.
The average weight of the white-crested black’s egg is
about two ounces, though, when arrived at maturity, they
frequently produce them slightly heavier; this variety is
considered the most prolific of the class, although the eggs
of the golden or silver-spangled usually exceed that weight
by a quarter of an ounce. Some hens lay eggs much less
obtuse than others, but the usual tendency is to an oblong
shape; they likewise vary in production (see Part I. Sup-
174 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
plement, page 39); the four hens there mentioned proved
very productive, and deposited in the second year collec-
lectively nine hundred and thirty-five eggs, which amount
to two hundred and thirty-three each hen; this was a
large average, and exceeded the comparative average of
our yard of Polish, which were, however, of a different
strain. One hundred and sixty to two hundred may be
considered a fair average, but it would be useless laying
down in more definite terms a settled average for the entire
class, seeing not only do the varieties greatly differ from
one another, but birds of the same variety vary equally as
much in this respect; the last mentioned average may, how-
ever, be considered a fair one.
POLISH AS SITTERS AND MOTHERS.
When it becomes known that the Polish, in opposition
to the instinct which urges most other hens to imcubate
after production does not influence them, there is imme-
diate ground for the abandonment of that surprise which,
upon hearing of the large and numerous supplies of eggs
by them produced, first took possession of the mind. Their
time not being occupied by maternal duties they have the
more leisure to produce, and it occasionally occurs that a
fowl of this class will take advantage of the opportunity
and lay one hundred eggs with little or no intermission.
As there is but little difficulty in procuring the assistance
of another fowl to undertake the task of incubation, it
seldom forms any material ground for dissatisfaction on
the part of the fancier, who much prefers beholding his
stock in decent attire and good trim than emerging in
cramped and disordered feather from the confined and
narrow space within the nest: and the farmer much less,
who has more frequently cause for complaint on account
aes
*
-
POLISH AS SITTERS AND MOTHERS. 175
of his hen’s obstinacy, and the determination with which
they baffle his attempts to quell their feverish desires.
No, in his estimation, this characteristic is to be regarded
as decidedly desirable, so long as he has sufficient differently
disposed hens to undertake the office of incubator. The
tendency to incubate forms a very exceptional case with
the bearded Poland; but the beardless, although seldom,
are nevertheless more inclined than the former, but, in
nearly all cases, not until very late in the season; indeed,
although they may behave themselves well, and carry for-
ward the process with steadiness, it is quite a speculation, .
and I would never advise valuable eggs to be placed under
them when other hens can be procured—seeing in most
cases they will act steadily for a day or two and then the
idea of a sedentry occupation will give way for some more
desirable occupation, and the nest necessarily becomes
vacated.
The Spanish, the Hamburgh, and the Polish, are simi-
larly indisposed, though in different degrees. Whether
we esteem this peculiarity as desirable, or opposed to our
interests, it becomes the naturalist and historian to regard
it with decided feelings of dissatisfaction; the former will
behold it as nature incomplete and rendered imperfect by
the works of man’s hands, by the breeding in and in, and
the strict domestication to which she has been subjected ;
whilst the latter, with equal feelings of remorse at the
reduced condition of the once perfect organization now
evincing no desire to propagate her own species, becomes
cognizant of the positionZhe would himself occupy (as a
historian) were a'l“nature thus so deficient and devoid of
nature’s stimulant to generate their kind. (Further sugges-
tions on this momentous subject included in after part.)
nn
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
HATCHING AND REARING POLISH CHICKS.
Since, then, we are unable with safety to procure the
assistance of the Polish hen to officiate as mother, it be-
comes requisite to engage the services of some hen of a
different class to perform the duties devolving upon incu-
bator ; amongst which Game and Dorking hens stand pre-
eminent. The eggs of the Polish should not be set prior
to the commencement of April (unless the season be ad-
vanced), which time is more suitable than an earlier period,
as cold and wet much retards their growth, and renders
close confinement necessary, which at a later period may
be frequently dispensed with. Upon the arrival of the
twentieth day, after depositing the eggs beneath the hen,
the chicks may be found emerging from captivity; and
upon the twenty-first being completed, all should have made
their exit. Their characteristics are recognisable as soon as
they are excluded from the shell—the beard and the crest
form striking contrasts to other chicks. The rounded and
elevated skull, where developed most, bespeaks a well
shaped and extended crest; a large circuit of beard, full.
hackle feathers ; according to these two characteristics, so
the two important after features become developed. A
chick with but a slightly elevated skull has but little
groundwork for the erection of a beauteous plume; the
bird with but a small amount of beard, but little chance of
ever possessing full and beauteous hackle-feathers. I say
little, because there are exceptions, though but few.
When first hatched the white-crested black chicks are of
a jetty black colour, with white or greyish markings on the
breast, the crest should be white and the wings are frequently
of the same colour; but the first moult should substantiate
black feathers, grizzle or any other tint being ruinous to
their pretensions as fancy birds.
eres,
HATCHING AND REARING POLISH CHICKS. 177
_ The produce of the black and the white Polish are of
the same colour as their respective parents, both in body
and crest, although somewhat of a different shade.
White-spangled yellow—these chicks vary from a light
brown to a creamy hue, with stripes of a deeper shade down
the head to the lower part of the neck.
Blach and white-crested chicks are usually very irregular,
with a mixed tint prevailing through their down in patches,
but sometimes of a pale cream. :
Golden-spangled vary wuch in shade and tint. They
range froma dull yellow to a deep dingy brown, and are
marked as in the black and brown-red Game chicks, with
two or three parallel bars running down the back, but
usually of a darker shade; legs light blue or lead colour.
Silwer-spangled are similar to the above, possessing like-
wise the stripes down the back, but the groundwork is a
creamy white or grey, with darker tints upon the back,
greyish crest, and black eyes.
Polish chicks feather quickly, but being small in bone
appear less robust than most other varieties. Care, there-
fore, is requisite to guard against damp, which is far more
injurious than dry, cold weather. Yor the first six or seven
weeks they require great care, attention, and good feeding, —
especially whilst their down is being substituted for fea-_
thers.—(See Feeding and Rearing Chicks, Part IIL, page
111, and Part IV.)
When once thoroughly feathered they may be considered
out of all danger, and as hardy as the generality of other
chicks. They grow moderately, but frequent change of
food is requisite to prevent them “ standing still” in this
respect. It is extremely difficult to distinguish between the
pulleret and the cockerel until somewhat in an advanced
stage, seeing they do not possess even the rudiments of a
L
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Se
178 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
comb ; neither are their countenazices otherwise indicative.
The golden-spangled may be distinguished before the other
varieties, by the red feathers in the cockerel becoming the
soonest apparent; not long after the silvers exhibit their
differential sex. Surmises may be formed by the compa-
rative size and muscular development of the cockerel, as
well as from the fact that the male bird’s tail feathers are
usually carried downwards, and grow much slower than the
pullerets which are frequently carried erect; there may
be, perhaps, no evil attending the mere surmise, but I feel
confident but little good results, and but little can be
ascertained until the feathers actually appear.
POLISH. AS FLESH AND DEAD STOCK.
The flesh of this fowl stands high as a table delicacy,
being round, plump, white, tender, and very fine in flavour.
At the same it must be borne in mind they do not reach
such heavy weights as the Dorkings usually attain—also
commence laying later in the season than ordinary fowls ;
and considering the difficulty with which they are reared,
and the injurious consequences invariably resulting. from
damp or dirt, they are not calculated to form suitable staple
stock in an ordinary farm yard; but, where a grass run is
afforded them, few are their rivals in beauty or intrinsic
value and utility.
CONSTITUTION.
As before stated, damp and cold are particularly preju-
dicial to the well doing of the Polish family, especially the
former, which will make great ravages amongst the chicks
if not timely prevented ; for this reason, therefore, every
care must be taken to erect the fowl house in a warm and
secluded situation upon a gravelly and not a clayey soil,
DISEASES. 179
and to guard against all draughts or currents of cold air.
The peculiar changes in the appearance of the coats of
this class must necessarily be observable to every Polish
fancier; it is true they progress in beauty until the third
or fourth moult—the crest feathers are not fully deve-
loped, neither their plumage so brilliant before as after
that period—in this they differ from all other fowls, which
usually arrive at maturity of feather and full development
by the completion of the second year.
DISEASES.
Although the Polish chicks are recognised as being less
robust than the generality of their compeers, it appears
equally certain when arrived at maturity, and not pecu-
liarly exposed to evils, their diseases and maladies are but
few. Cold and damp are at all times injurious, and if not:
guarded against will engender roup.
A feature of less importance, but proving disfigurative,
is the partial temporary loss of the ornamental crest. In
that department I observed in a hen, a short time since,
the appearance of prevalent irritation which, by her
peculiar motions and evident signs of uneasiness, became too
apparent to escape observation ; a day or two later, upon
drinking from the pan, she placed her head almost entirely
beneath the water, which rendered her crest completely
wet throughout; a short time after I again observed her
and discovered several of the feathers had been removed
from her crown, and such as remained were much flattened;
having watched for a few moments it became no longer
doubtful that her associate hens were the instruments of
extracting them one by one, and upon taking her in hand
discovered her skull to be in a dirty plight, partly produced
by the presence of their beaks from time to time, but evi-
180 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
dently having existed in a bad condition some time previous
to their attacks. The fact was, her companions had been
pecking the dirt instinctively for the purpose of effecting
its removal, as may frequently be observed in hens friendly
towards each other, and strongly contrasting with pugilistic
encounters resorted to by others; but the former having
extracted a few feathers and rendered the spot bare, it
became somewhat irritated, which further encouraged their
continued operations although to her discomfort, and not
only so, a bad habit was partially acquired.
As soon as it becomes apparent that a bird’s crest is thus
being reduced, it requires examination for the purpose of
eradicating the inducing cause and applying remedial mea-
sures—if found dirty, it should be immediately cleansed
and rendered quite dry before the patient be readmitted to
her companions, otherwise a head which, when well plumed,
is very ornamental and the glory of the bird, proves a
picture of extreme ugliness when deprived of its coverings,
by the exposition of an elevated skull.
HISTORY OF THE MALAY. 181
THE MALAY FOWL.
HISTORY OF THE MALAY.
In this age of progressive refinement and practical inquiry,
the bare outlines of a theory, the mere skeleton of a fabric,
are found insufficient to satisfy the demands of the “ people.”
Whether the human mind soars to objects without the
extent of material vision, or displays a heartfelt love for
nature’s more subdued harmony below, the same spirit of
determination to obtain the germ of truth in detailed facts
prevails. That nature’s intricacies as solved in these
pages will prove insufficient for the exigencies of a future
age, we feel bound to admit, but rather with sensations of
satisfaction than otherwise, seeing the love of progressive
improvement being implanted within the human soul, the
same desires actuate extension of hope for future advances.
Had the subject of poultry economy in past ages
furnished us with the briefest notices indicative of
climatic originalities, or furnished data from whence we
could gather the then existing varieties, with the loca-
lities in which such were domiciled or otherwise preva-
lent, a boundless field of materials for enterprise and
research would at once present itself to our eager gaze,
from which with unwearied satisfaction the unsolved prob-
lem might be extracted from its perilous situation of
remaining ever sealed. Since, then, we are unable to
extend our researches satisfactorily, we must content our-
selves in gratitude to past neglect with furnishing data
A renee
182 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
from whence future researchers may be enabled to unravel
their intricacies.
The subject of this chapter purporting the history of
the Malay is less obscure than may be imagined. In the
present day there exists several wild varieties of fowl in
Asia, bearing much resemblance to the Malays known in
the present day, 7
In Java two wild sorts exist, known respectively by the
names Ayam-alas and Ayam-ourus. The tail of the former
is much forked, from which circumstance it may be imme-
diately distinguished from the latter, which is almost
entirely devoid of that appendage. Although naturally
wild and extremely shy in their habits, specimens of each
kind are occasionally taken whilst young and reared and
bred with the Javan domestic fowls, which renders the
stock of the latter vigorous and of constitutional hardiness,
this feature becomes more particularly manifest in the
issue of the produce thus generated than in the immediate
offspring. The natural result of the admixture is exhibited
in the diversified Javan stock.
Many existing specimens bear considerable resemblance
to the Gallus Sonneratii found by Sonnerat in the jungles
of India in a wild state. The tropics abound with an
almost endless variety of variegated plumaged and_vari-
shaped fowls, and to those latitudes we are indebted for
the possession of so noble and hardy a bird as the Malay.
From the Peninsula of Malay, situated on the southern
point of the continent of India, where this fowl still
abounds, have been imported magnificent specimens of the
Malay kind.
To Mr. J. Nolan, of Dublin, a man of great experience
‘and sound judgment, we are indebted for the extensive
propagation of this very noble family. He was one of the
~
2 sce
te,
SSS
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE MALAY CLASS. 183
earliest Malay breeders, having obtained his stock from the
London Docks, to which place they had arrived direct from
Malay. They were of a reddish yellow plumage, and
progenitors of an illustrious family, from which have been
generated some of the finest specimens in the country.*
_ That they were the aborigines of the Peninsula of Malay
q is unquestionable, and that the existing specimens claim
descent from them is equally conclusive. That the Kulm
or gigantic cock is but another name for the same extensive
. class ; that this species of fowl, divided, sub-divided, dis-
tinguished and nominated, as after described under the
head of varieties, according to developed_ peculiarities, em-
braces extensive differences of feather, comb, form, size,
&c., is acknowledged ;—but is thus especially nominated
as purporting the recognition of external differences, and
not with a view to the rendering such of different classi-
fications.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE MALAY CLASS.
Head, small and neat, but should be long and serpent-
shaped, sloping towards beak, and perfectly free from
topknot.
*From this time until the arrival of the Shanghae into this country
the Malays were the largest fowl known, and very high in esteem as
fancy and useful fowls; but since the introduction of the latter they have
wofully fallen off in public estimation. We trust, however, they will
again lift up their heads and become the admired of distinguished fanciers,
possessing qualities which justly entitle them to such consideration.
Their extreme nobility of size and general appearance, their aristocratic
air, majestic deportment, extreme hardiness of constitution, and great
intrinsic value for cross-breeding purposes, will, we trust, be considered
sufficient to entitle them to that amount of careful and judicious tending
which will render them acknowledged (as they still are in the opinion of
some) the most noble among fowls.
= ee mate
184 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Face, highly coloured but skinny, and bearing a very
hard aspect (see eye); the crimson, fleshy hue extends to
the throat as in no other class, resembling thereby the face
of the trimmed Game cock. The hen’s face is of a pale
crimson.
Comb.—There are two varieties of comb, one presents a
low crimson, irregular compressed knob or wart lying on
one side of the head; in the hen it is almost flat on the
skull, and in both birds it occupies but a small portion of
the head as compared with the comb of other fowls. The
other is a double one of the same colour, rather larger,
but single at its base, consequently falling over on one
side; in the hen it is very diminutive, resembling a small
straight row of minimum buds, increasing towards the back
of head, but not rising more than the sixteenth part of an
inch above it.
Wattles are merely rudimental in both sexes, but of
crimson hue.
Ear-lobes, small and red, a peculiarity possessed by highly
bred Shanghaes, but by few other classes.
Beak should be of a decided deep yellow, very strong
and slightly hooked, but in dark specimens occasionally
tinged with black.
Fye.—In both sexes fierce, cruel, and piercing, but
grave and deeply socketted in the head. The pupilis of a
brownish black; the iris of a deep orange hue, but in the
white or light brown varieties it varies from light grey or
pearl to fawn.
Throat, bare and crimson.
Neck, long and muscular.
Nech-hachle, hard, close, and spare, not ample at the
base as in other breeds, but short and close in both sexes.
Breast is not by any means broad, but inclined to narrow-
gC A a
<A AER IR ES SES a —— ia
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE MALAY CLASS. 185
ness in comparison with height and weight of the bird,
and occasionally exhibiting upon the surface or feathers
a tendency to part in a perpendicular incurvity.
Back and shoulders.—Back describes a sharp oblique
line from the neck to the insertion of the tail, rendering
the bird diametrically adverse to the Shanghae, to which
in this respect it forms the greatest contrast possible.
Thighs, well boned and long, the greater the distance
apart the better, as indicative of further width of breast,
soundness of constitution, and good breeding. The Malay
cock stands higher upon his pedal limbs that any other
breed of domestic fowl.
Shank is long, and should be of a decided brown yellow or
bright yellow, perfectly clean and bare, but coarsely scaled.
- Being well boned they possess great power, and surpass
in this respect the most valiant chanticleer of the genus
“ fowl.”
Claws, long and yellow, four on each foot, should be well
spread, nails white and pale yellow; in dark birds tinged
with black. Juength from the extremities of middle and
back claws, inclusive of nails, in the full grown cock,
five and three-quarters to six and a-quarter inches. In the
hen four to five inches.
Wing, very powerful and of fair average size, more expan-
sive and longer than in the Shanghae; but being heavy-
bodied they are unable to fly rapidly, save in a downward
inclination ; the wings are clearly defined towards their.
exteriors, principally owing to the firmness and shortness of
feather prevailing throughout the body. In this is presented
a striking contrast with the contracted and deeply imbedded
wings of the Shanghae. 2
Tail is carried low, arising from the ctl descent of
the back, and humble position occupied by the base of the
186 if FERGUSON ON FOWL.
former, which is a greater distance below the head than in
any other fowl, otherwise the tail should be moderately
erect, but not stiffly so. Is rather spare in comparison
with the size of the bird, but much in character with the
general figure. The sickle feathers of the male are mo-
derate, but describe a portion of a small circle compared
with that defined by the white-crested black Polish, and
many other varieties. The hen’s tail is composed of five
straight feathers in each side.
Carriage.—The male is very erect, with neck and back
sloping in a sharp line downwards to the insertion of the
tail, exhibiting a bold and defiant air, with every appear-
ance of energy and muscular strength to resist the attacks
of the most powerful enemy that may come in his path.
He should be of majestic and commanding deportment as
indicative of high breeding. The hen is likewise very lofty
and portly in her carriage, and well establishes by her
dignified demeanour her aristocratic relation.
Gait, lofty, stately, and heroic, but at times rather
stiffly so. ;
Size, §c.—They cannot be considered robust, although
of great weight, seeing the offal, which is considerable, is
“‘ weighed in,” they are, therefore, tall and heavy-limbed
birds, but not robust.
The average height of a full grown cock when standing ateaseis 28
Exceptional specimens have been known to reach ... ae
The average height of a full grown hen when standing at ease
”
Exceptional specimens have been known toreach... .. «... 13 4
The average weight of a full grown hen after moulting ... .
ies)
die dle
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Exceptional specimens have been known to reach ...
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The mean heights and weights above may be considered
fair standard averages of excellence.
weight = cock after moulting «+ 10% Ibs. |
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4
a“
”?
had drawled out his last strained note on tip-toes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE MALAY CLASS. 187
A cock is full grown and filled out when arrived at two
and a-half years, and the completion of the second moult
usually finds him in his most beautiful garb.
General feather—The plumage of high bred Malays,
especially the black-reds, is remarkably rich and. splendid,
and well bears comparison with any of the Game class,
should be close and short, smooth but hard, and of wiery or
silky character, bearing no proximity to woolliness. To
Mr. Ballance, of Taunton, a most devoted breeder, we are
indebted for the following corroboration of our opinion
upon the special importance of the Malay exhibiting a fine
and prepossessing exterior inthe shape of plumage:—To give
it in his own words—* unless the plumage is brilliant, and
the bird in full health, his appearance is disadvantageous
in @ symmetrical point of view, being long in the neck and
legs, but comparatively short in the body.”
Crow, very loud, deep-toned, and somewhat eee
I, however, a few months since, possessed a white bird
which invariably crew a deep-toned, rapid, defiant note,
and was prepared for the next before the Shanghae, which,
upon one occasion, commenced instantaneously with him,
Disposition of both male and female is pugnacious as
denoted by their fierce, cruel eye; the cock proves an
irritable father to his chicks, whilst the mother is extremely
tender, watchful, and devoted towards her progeny, but
exhibits the fiercest rage and spite towards any unfortunate
youngster which may have broken from the confines of ano-
ther’s care. No chick can be palmed off upon her without the
greatest risk of being discovered, evenafterthe lapse of afew
hours has intervened. Stock birds agree tolerably well.
Constitution very hardy, and capable of bearing great
changes of temperature, and resisting, to a considerable
188 FERGUSON. ON FOWL.
extent, the evil effects of damp andcold, so very injurious to
all poultry. The climate of the southern counties of England
is, however, more suited to their constitution than the more
northern. They bear confinement well, but a good run is
always advantageous.
Feeders, very hearty, and as might be generally in-
ferred, they readily fatten for the table.
Flesh.—This is a point of the utmost import, but strange
to say, it still remains a much disputed one, and to which we
have, therefore, applied ourselves with earnest endeavours
to arrive at truth. Corroborative testimony is the only
possible method of ascertaining average facts, and for this
purpose we have been rewarded in our solicitous inquiries
by the testimony of the most experienced breeders. Mr.
Ballance, of whose experience we have already had occasion
to allude, states the following, which we give in his own
words :—* Give me roast Malay well fed and properly
dressed, and you may have the Turkey.” It is evident
from this statement, made by a most devoted and successful
Malay propagator, that he considers the bird worthy
the precedence even of the Turkey; moreover, that the
quality is drawn out rather by the process of roasting
than boiling, and that the animal, previous to the occu-
pation of that envious position, requires proper feeding and
dressing. It is obvious, therefore, from this statement,
that the quality is dependant upon circumstances—that is,
there is no doubt of the existence of quality, but, as in
all such matters it requires judgment to render a full
development discernible. To our appeal G. C. Atkins,
Esq., of Edgbaston, whose experience as an amateur is too
well known to require further comment—states, “ the
average quality of the Malay’s flesh is anything but first-
rate either for colour or flavour, there are, however, some
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE MALAY CLASS. 189
_ few strains which excel in this particular.” From this we
perceive that excellence is rather exceptional—inferior
quality the rule. W. W. Hayne, Esq., has also kindly
assisted us in our inquiries; his judgment must be ever
regarded as a boon to the seeker after truth. He states
“the quality and flesh of the Malay fowl is good and
‘of white colour, but the skin yellow.” Here again we
perceive the fowl requires not only proper feeding and
dressing, but a surgical operation to be performed on the
breast, when through the deceitful, external envelope, the
skin, may be obtained a glimpse of the bird’s intrinsic
value and superior quality. From these sources and others
which lie before us, kindly forwarded by friends devoted
to the extension of truth, who desire not publicity, we
have gathered the harvest of our hopes on this point.
We, therefore, feel bound to admit that whilst for the
most part Malays are not equal to the Dorking, Spanish,
or Game fowl for the quality of their flesh, there are
very many which only require superior tending to render
them of fair average quality—and at the same time some
few very excellent breeds which stand unrivalled.
Layers.— Malays are free layers, but their eggs are
rather small compared with their size and consumption of
food—are inferior to the Shanghae as egg producers—the
average weight of eggs is about two and one-third ounces
each, are usually well shaped, and vary in tint from a buff to
a light chocolate hue, very rich in flavour, and usually well
and firmly shelled. (The varieties differ in their powers
of production, but the above may be considered a fair
average.) Although their eggs vary much in shape and
tint, I have ever found each respective hen, when once
arrived at maturity, regular with the former, but the latter
being dependant in part upon quality and character of
190 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
calcarious matter supplied, the depth of hue and peculiar
nature of granulation vary.
FAC-SIMILE OF THE MALAY’S EGG.
Sttters—As incubators they are unsurpassed save by
the Game and Dorking hens, although long in the lee
they are particularly careful, as though aware of their
occasional awkward bearings; they require a very large
nest to “sit comfortably,” which should be provided, or
damage may ensue. They are particularly ardent and
desirous of engaging in their sedentary occupation, and
may easily be prevailed upon to carry out the wishes of
the fancier, by making themselves at home in a spot of his
selection, are remarkably tender mothers, and do not
forsake their progeny at so early a period as the Shanghae.
There are some few amongst them which never incubate,
but this arises from a totally different cause from that
which similarly affects the Spanish, Polish, and Hamburgh
fowls, viz., their passionate love of repletion, in which
indulgence the craw occasionally becomes slightly twisted,
as indicated by a striped appearance of plumage in the
vicinity of the deformation.
ee
VARIETIES OF THE MALAY. 191
VARIETIES.
We here propose casting adrift all misnamed distinc-
tions, and rendering each nomination bearer of the title
Malay, but peculiarly defined according to description of
specimen; at the same time to regard with dissatisfaction
all attempts to encompass the class with a multitudinous
display of differences, which must ever occur from local or
climatic influences and peculiar breeding, which represent
no differences in blood, and are as unimportant as the
peculiarities presented by the comparison of two pebbles
from the sea beach, and denote no further import. But
where select breeding has produced a variety, and that
variety remains permanent, and generates its kind in form,
colour, and general appearence, with regularity for many
successive years, we are at once bound to respect such as
acquired peculiarity, and register it as such by an appro-
priate nomination ; also all permanent varieties will be here
described, however limited their respective numbers, but
cross-breeds or such as may have been foully generated or
heterogeneously produced no mention will be made, seeing
innumerable the differences thus presented, and such records
save for experimentalization, for which sufficient will be
characterized, are as confusing and distasteful to the general
reader as valueless in themselves.
Why some should endeavour by plausible persuasion to
render the works of God less majestic, and the beauties of
his creation the result of chance, we cannot understand ?
Their endeavours to prove our many classes of domestic
fowl (Galli) the descendants of so limited a number of
primitive originals, and the issue of inter-breeding or chance
crosses, and to blind the world as to their respective, pecu-
liar, and distinguished merits, must ever prove unsuccessful
192 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
with the close student of nature, and the laws which govern
multiplication.
Do we not perceive pervading this spirit, the spirit of the
Deist? Is not the spirit of human agency preferred to the
Divinity in thus ascribing existing visibles to visible men ?
We do not here purpose enlarging upon the culpability
of such rebellious principles, neither to propound remedial
measures for the diffusion of truth, such. requiring
considerable space, which, in the present “ part,” we are
unable to confer, our intention being to dwell upon it in an
ensuing part, when principles will be advanced in support
of the assumption that the Malay or Kulm fowl is of
peculiar origin, different though not distinct from the
Shanghae. There are—
1. White Malays.
2. Grey do.
3. Pied do., including
Piles and Piebald Malays.
ae Yellow Malay The nomination of “ Duckwing” is erroneous, they
: being but a peculiar yellow, and devoid of the
D uckwing do. required resemblance to that type.
Chocolate do., hitherto called “ Dunders.”
Brown-red, do.
Black-red, do.
Blues or Dun Malay, and
Red Dun do.
Black do. |
Spangled Pheasant Malay, hitherto called “« Pheasant
Malay.”
CROSS BREED.
Malay-dorks, hitherto termed “ Chittagongs.”
The principal difference in the varieties consists in the
colour of their plumage, therefore, the previously described
characteristics are respectively applicable.
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VARIETIES OF THE MALAY. 193
White Malay.—Both male and female should be purely 3
white throughout, betraying a silkiness and transparency
of feather of peculiar excellence, the neck and saddle-
hackles affording a relief to the eye by their depth of gloss,
whilst the breast and thighs are of a dead white, with beak
- and legs yellow. The iris grey or pearl, with crimson face,
and small compressed comb and wattles of the same colour,
which render them complete with beauty and delicacy.
In some specimens the neck, saddle-hackle, and wing
coverts of the male present a slight yellow tinge. The
hen is of uniform white, with beak and legs yellow, and
crimson face. In form, size, and every other particular
they correspond with the coloured varieties, as described
under characteristics—(see plate). The white birds there
represented are in the possession of Mr. Biggs, of Liver-
pool, were purchased by him from a Norfolk stock, and are
the finest birds [ever remember seeing, in size exceeding
the average. The male weighed (whilst before our
artist) eleven pounds five ounces.
Grey Malay.—This sub-class is the produce of the ad-
mixture of black and white, but of which there are two
different though not distinct strains, the one presents the
ground of the entire body of the male of a blackish hue,
with each feather tipped more or less with white, including
the breast and tail—but no brown or any other tint of a
brighter hue should prevail. The hen is similarly marked,
and rather prepossessing in her exterior when well and
definitely spangled. The ground of the male of the other
sub-class consists of an entire blending of black and white,
rendering every feather of both sexes of a fine mixture of
the two, as though ground and mixed in equal proportions.
They are extremely neat, but require judgment in breed-
ing, or the chicks “ ery back ” to one or other of their pro-
genitors. (See Breeding Stock.)
M
194 : FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Pied Malay.—This variety includes several sub-varieties
as “blood-wing” Piles, yellow Piles, and patch Piles or pie-
balds. The former are of extreme beauty, and constitute a
very desirable contrast with the dark varieties, but are very
scarce. They are the produce of the white Malay hen when
matched with the black or brown-red Malay cock. The
male should have those parts of the body white which in
the black-red cock are black, with neck and saddle-hackle
of a bright red or orange, and each feather white down the
centre; the back is of a deeper tint, and in the handsomest
bird approaches dragon’s blood. Breast occasionally white
with the centre of éach feather finely marked brown, some-
times of alight chestnut throughout, or regularly spotted,
or having the uppermost part brown, with a few feathers
at each side regularly coloured with a similar tint, and the
rest white; thighs and vent white, tinged with brown ;
tail should be white if the breast is of that colour, butif of a
darker hue, brown and white usually prevail, and occasion-
ally stripes of black. I have generally found the produce
run much clearer and more settled in their feather when
the father is the coloured bird and. ‘the mother the white.
Yellow Piles are much less coloured and present a yellow
tinge instead of the deep blood, and are far less beautiful.
There is but little difference between these birds and those
mentioned in the white variety, which possess slight yellow
markings, saving that they are more deeply tinged. Pie-
balds are not usually favourites, being irregularly marked,
and their offspring very uncertain in the character of their
plumage, moreover, not being a permanent variety, are not
worthy the attention of the amateur.
Yellows or buffs and duckwinged Malays.—The term
“duckwing” is evidently a misnomer, at any rate as ap-
plied to those specimens which have come before the
public. If there exist real duckwinged Malays I should
an res =
nance
etait
VARIETIES OF THE MALAY. 195
indeed feel great pleasure in becoming acquainted with
such ; but until they be produced to transmit their plumage
to the offspring from a hereditary source, I must conclude
that such as are usually recognised as “duckwings” are the
_ only specimens approaching that variety, which are, how-
ever, but yellows, and not analogous to the wing, “ duck-
wing,” for which, regardless of body plumage, they should
receive nomination. There may exists hybreds between
the duckwing, Game fowl, and the Malay, but no variety
is thus founded by any one such admixture, but merely cross
birds. If the colour can be perpetuated in the progeny by
occasional instillations of the desired feather into the
breed, until it becomes even partially permanent, it will
also become necessary to consider it a variety of the
Malay, that is if its characteristics prove in comformity
with that bird, seemg many other recognised varieties
have been thus produced. —
Yellow or buff Malays.—The ground of the feathers of
the male of this variety ranges from a deep orange to a
golden chestnut. The ‘hen’s plumage comprises various
shades of straw and cream. ‘The breast, body, and thighs,
of the male are of deep orange, the neck and saddle-hackle
of pale golden tint, back of a deeper hue, wing coverts
golden chestnut, quill feathers of the wing frequently white
or grey, tail black and brown, the former colour prevailing,
-yent light brown. The hen is frequently of an uniform deep
straw or cream with bright golden neck-hackle, wing coverts
of arather warmer tint, with brown and black tail. No
specimens should be considered eligible for first prizes
where mealiness inthe feather exists, where white or speckle
prevails, which, however, they are rather lable to present.
They are very rare, and but seldom seen possessing a good
clear coat owing to their generation. When in good feather
Re ee ee Le ee Te ee aR eer -
196 _ FERGUSON ON FOWL.
they are extremely neat, and form a desirable anc ornamental
variety. The cause of their occasionally presenting “ foul
marks” is the result of their parentage, not always im-
mediate, but slightly remote, seeing they claim descent
from the admixture of the white cock and the brown hen.
As there is ever a great disposition to blend when the male
is of the stronger hue, the presence of the white hen tones
the colour down, and the offspring are more settled in the
character of their feather than when the hen is of the darker
colour, in which case speckles, piebalds, &c., are more fre-
quently produced. Itrequires many years to produce such
‘a consummation and amalgamation of tints as to generate
with steadiness a regular coloured strain, for this reason the
present breed, if well sustained, is likely to improve,but when
once the offspring appear “ crying back * to one or other
of their progenitors, to which they will ever incline, a fresh
stock of the requisite feather must be infused. (See Breed-
ing Stock.)
Chocolate Malays—(hitherto called “ dunders,” which is
perfectly inapplicable) are so peculiarly uniform in their
plumage that we are compelled to describe them separately,
at the same time acknowledging their identity of blood
with the “browns.” There are but few to be met with,
but resulting rather from being imperfectly recognised. and __
receiving no particular attention from the breeder than
from any constitutional tendency to propagate unsettled
hues; the fancier not being sufficiently aware of their
excellence usually matches them indiscriminately with his
other family of browns. Were they paired with the cho-
colate, a very beautiful progeny would doubtless result.
The cock’s breast and belly is of uniform chocolate, neck
and saddle-hackle deep golden chestnut, thighs dull chest-
nut, and tail brown and black. The hen is of a very
cn
Ne eli a see a Te
VARIETIES OF THE MALAY. Si See
settled chocolate-tinted shade, including neck-hackle, wing
coverts and breast, with dark brown tail, presenting a
picture of uniformity and subdued beauty.
Brown-red Malay.—In this variety there are many
exceedingly handsome plumaged birds. The male presents
a breast of deep rich chocolate-brown inclining to black,
with neck, back, and saddle-hackle feathers varying, ac-
cording to their position, from deep orange to dark
marone red; wing coverts crimson marone barred with
metallic blue, thighs and vent feathers black and partridge
brown, tail black tinged with brown shining with purple
rather than green metallic lustre. The hen is of a reddish
brown; rather lighter on the under parts than the back,
wing coverts reddish umber, neck-hackle deep red with
black ink stains, tail nearly black, legs and beak in both
sexes of a decided yellow, iris of a bright orange.
There are also light Brown-reds, which are usually less
brilliant in plumage than the above, arising partly from
deficiency of relief afforded by monotony of shadows, and
partly from the actual dulness of their plumes as compared
to the former. The breast of the cock varies from a light
umber brown to a dingy chestnut with blackish spots, neck
and saddle-hackles golden brown with deep ink stains,
thighs and vent black and light partridge brown, and
black tail, The hen resembles the general ground of the
male, but more subdued, is of a dull yellowish brown. In
some the breast of the male is of a pale brown painted
with black spots, neck and saddle-hackle dull red deeply
ink stained, rump brown, tail brown-red: glistening with
metallic lustre; hen of this sub-variety is of a deep yellow
brown, with dark neck-hackle, and tail, breast, and body
of a lighter hue; the outer web of the quill feathers of the
wing frequently white or grey.
ee ———
198 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Blach-red Malay are of extreme handsome plumage,
exceeded in this respect by few Game birds of the same
feather. The breast of the male should be of jetty black,
but in some specimens a few brown feathers are distributed
throughout; the neck and saddle-hackles are of bright
golden red, the latter long and drooping over the rump
and base of tail; wing coverts of a deep crimson barred with
metallic biue, outer web of quill feathers brown ; back of
rich dragon’s blood; body, thighs, and vent black, inter-
spersed with partridge brown; tail black resplendent with
metallic lustre. ‘The entire plumage close and firm—the
wing coverts particularly close and wiry; the outer web
of the quill feathers of the wing sometimes white; the tail
is occasionally thus marked, but we would much prefer no
such discolorations. The hens are likewise well feathered
and close, and resemble in some instances the black-red
Game hens in feather, ranging from a dark straw to a brown-
red or deep reddish brown—the former possessing bright
hackles, and bodies of a deep straw—back of a deeper tint,
and black tail. In the latter strain the neck-hackle is of
deep brown or red, with dark ink stains running through the
centre of the feathers; wing coverts strongly marked with
reddish brown—breast light chestnut—tail black tinged
with brown. Inall cases, both sexes should possess clean,
deep coloured yellow legs and beak, with crimson face, and
no appearance of mouldy ear-lobes.
Blue or dun Malays are the result of admixture between |
the black and white varieties, and moreover extremely
scarce. The male is of a slaty or leaden hue, with neck-
hackle and wing coverts of a darker tint; back and. tail
leaden black, but occasionally spotted with white or tinged
with grey. The hen is more uniform and settled in her
tint and frequently presents a clear silvery blue coat, but in
VARIETIES OF THE MALAY. 199
some specimens the index of origin is exhibited in the garb
of irregular combination. I have frequently known these
birds moult off from a settled blue to a spotted grey or
grizzle, to which irregularity birds of advanced years, or
such as are of enfeebled constitution, are more especially
subject. | :
Red Dun are but the after admixture of the black or
brown-red Malay with the above described bird. In the
male the neck, saddle-hackle, back and wing coverts, present
the varied shades of orange-red. ‘The hens are seldom of
such a fine cast.as the dun Malays; dull orange occasionally
prevailing with the feather.
Blach Malays ave a very fine variety and contrast _
strongly with the coloured—should be of uniform jetty
black, with neck, saddle-hackle, and wing coverts, of
brightest black, and possessing the usual characteristics of
the other sub-classes—with crimson face and serpent’s shape
head, deep set savage eye, cruel, pugnacious, but grave |
- in its expression, and the entire bird being, m both sexes,
clad in deepest black, present the very strange combination
of effect —“ ferocious mourning”—as exhibited in no other
class of domestic fowl. Even the Game fowl, the most
pugnacious bird, has a very different expression pervading
his countenance—being proud, valiant, active, vigilant,
energetic, determinate, and piercing, but not by any means
cruel, savage, or ferocious. The blacks are, however, not
usually more irritably disposed than the other varieties of
Malay—but being thus solemnly clad in sorrowful attire,
and exhibiting a blending of contrasting effects a word
appeared necessary. The outer weh of the quills of wings
and tail is sometimes grey or grizzled, specimens without
such discolorations should be preferred when procurable.
Pheasant-spangled Malay.—Ilt behoves us to remove —
200 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
from the threshold of every mind an ‘error against science
and philosophy which, in connection with the present sub-
variety of the Malay, has for ages grasped the public mind
and carried captive the unguarded imagination of the
“ people”—I allude to the popular idea which prevails to
the effect that the cock Pheasant, when mated with the
ordinary domestic, hen is capable of transmitting to the
offspring further powers of generation among themselves ;
such,. however, has been fully proved by an innumerable
series of experiments, conducted without bias and with the
greatest care, to be positively fallacious, and the theory
must long since have exploded with every close student of
natuaal coincidences. We allow that the domestic hen m-
pregnated by the male Pheasant may produce prolific eggs
(though they are frequently unprolific); but the difference
between the progeny of this cross and the pure domestic
is, whilst the latter are capable of generating issue among
themselves, with further powers of reproducing, the former
are sterile. All thus produced are termed “ hybreds,” and
the generative organs are incomplete in both sexes, neces-
sarily resulting from the’ violation of laws which govern
production. The male carries with him the air of indiffe-
rence to everything by which he is surrounded—those
very powers which are the seat of energy in every capacity,
and as much the fountain of spirit in matters remote from
their actual engagement as in such as may be in proximity,
appear to lie dormant, are completely incapacitated and
actuate not the animal.
We, some time since, undertook a series of experiments
with the view of testing the popular opinion respecting the
extent to which “hybreds” thus produced are capable of
reproducing when matched with either of their progenitors,
and of solving this momentous problem of natural history
EXPERIMENTS WITH HYBREDS. 201
which has long since been regarded by the naturalist as sof
the deepest and utmost importance. The following pair-
ings we decipher for the gratification of public interest,
and as a key to the contractions therein, we preface our
list with their representatives :— patte
P.C. stands for Pheasant cock.
: Bee y 5 hen. |
D.C. = domestic cock.
D.H. is 5 hen.
FIRST SERIES.
1. P.C. and domestic (black-red Game) hen.
2. Hybreds—hens thus produced with pure domestic
cock, mother’s blood.
3, Do. do. do. different blood (Dorking bread),
4.. Do. _ do, P.C. same blood as original P.C.
ey 5g eer do. different blood (silver Pheasant).
6. Do. do. hybred cocks (brothers).
oe, 200. UD. do. fresh blood but obtained m
same manner.
g. Do. do. do. produced from P.H. and D.C.
9. Do. do. D.H. mother’s blood.
10. Do. do. do. fresh blood (Polish BDepajes peek
11. Do. do. P.H. father’s blood.
12. Do. do. do. fresh blood (silver iysee tagh
13. Do. do. hybreds, hens produced from D. C.
and P.H.
SECOND SERIES,
14. D.C. and P.H.
15. Hybred hens thus produced with pure P.C. mother’ 8
blood.
16. Do. do. P.C. fresh blood (silver Pheasant),
17. Do. do. D.C. father’s blood.
a Se oe
202 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
18. Hybred hens thus produced with pure D.C. fresh
blood (Dorking).
19. Do. do. hybred cocks (brothers).
20. Do. do. do. fresh blood, but obtained in
game manner. |
21. Hybred cocks thus produced with pure D.H. father’s
blood.
22. De. de, D.H. fresh blood.
23. Do.. do. P.H. mother’s blood.
24, Do. do. do. fresh blood (silver Pheasant).
It may not be out of place to remark that the Pheasants
made use of in these experiments were of the common and
silver varieties. The domestic fowls were British Game,
coloured Dorking, and gold-spangled Polands.
- It may be interesting to the researcher and student of
natural history to become acquainted with the result of our
respective experiments. The following figures refer to the
particular trial and character of the match as previously
described under the same :—
1. Was a Pheasant cock and black-red Game hen salt:
had been brought up together as chicks by one domestic
hen, from them in one season we obtained eleven hybreds,
nine males, and two females.
2. No issue but a few non-productive eggs
3. No issue do. do.
4, One female inter-hybred.
5. One male and one female—both these birds died—
the male when four months old, the female a few weeks
afterwards.
6. No issue.
7. No issue.
8. No issue.
9. One male inter-hybred—plenty of non-productive
Bed
EXPERIMENTS WITH HYBREDS. 203
egos; but this bird died when five months old, as though
of general decay and rapid decline.
10. No issue but plenty of non-productive eggs.
11. Three males and one female inter-hybreds—mode-
rate supply of non-productive eggs.
12. Three male inter-hybreds; these birds, which were
piebalds, were incautiously allowed the run of a garden
at early morn, and were never seen or heard of afterwards.
13. No issue.
14. Four male inter-hybreds—moderate supply of non-
productive eggs.
15. No issue.
16. One female inter-hybred.
17. No issue.
18. One female intor-hybred. seg
19. No issue.
20. No issue.
21. Two male and one female inter-hybreds..
22. Two male inter-hybreds.
23. Four male inter-hybreds; one male bird was nearly
blind, although in his eyes could be observed nothing cal~-
culated to obstruct vision.
24, Six male inter-hybreds—and two females were
hatched, but one of the latter and three of the former were
very unthriving, and appeared neither to increase in size or
strength and, when two months’ old, gradually drooped and
died.
THIRD SERIES.
Inter-hybred Pairings.
25, Male inter-hybred, produce of 24, with domestic hen.
26. Do. do. do. 21, * Pheasant hen.
97 Do. do. do. 11, “ female hybred 1.
204 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
28.- Male inter-hybred, produce of 14, with female inter-
hybred 18.
29. Do. hybred, do. ee «~ oT
30. Female inter-hybred, do. 4, © domestic cock.
31. Do. do. do. 11, “ Pheasant cock.
The result of the third series of experiments proved very
satisfactory although unsuccessful; the only issue was from
number twenty-six, from which one male chick was reared.
Number thirty-one also produced one chick, but did not
survive the sixth day. From number thirty we had three
eggs, which we endeavoured to hatch, but they did not
reach perfection, and upon close inspection proved to be
in a pure state and not foul, although subject to the
incubatory temperature for twenty-one days, proving at
the same time their non-impregnation and unprolific cha-
racter. It is a peculiar circumstance that the unprolific
eggs produced by the Dorking hens were not only smaller
than they had previously laid, but much lighter, even after
fairly allowing for the difference in size; having reduced a
number to one given surface, we found each square inch of
the prolific eggs was eleven and-a-half per cent. heavier
than the unprolific. To render the experiments conclusive
some of the Pheasants selected were gold, some silver,
some wild, of both sexes, brought up from chicks with
broods of domestic fowls; some were fed upon stimulating
substances for the purpose of increasing the power of their
generative organs, whilst others upon ordinary diet; some
had a considerable run in a thickly studded garden, others
confined to a more secluded spot, and from chickenhood
never allowed to see a friendly feather save their intended
companion’s. The chick which proved a male, the only
reared issue of our third series, we mated with a pure
Pheasant hen one of a brood, with which he had been
EXPERIMENTS WITH HYBREDS. 205
purposely brought up, but upon the | of the seventh
month took a severe cold, to which he had ever been
more or less peculiarly liable—and although every possible
attention was paid, the most judicious remedial means
resorted to, no cure could be effected, and after a lapse of
some few weeks he drooped and died. Upon dissecting
him it was found the brain was charged with blood, but
our surgical operation was’ unsatisfactory to myself in as
much as our professional friend, who had frequently much
assisted us in our surgical inquiries, could discern in the
appearance of the generative organs nothing indicative of
the bird’s incapacity to vigorous impregnation—although
a Pheasant and a domestic cock were respectively dissected
by him for the purpose of just comparison. The hen
placed with him was also dissected, and throughout the
ovarium no trace could be discerned of masculine impreg-
nation although microscopic aid was applied, having
allowed her no other comrade prior to their secluded con-
finement. She was discovered to be in a very healthy
state, but requiring sexual intercourse. Upon the surface
of the ovashould have been deposited the germ of the future.
chick, but no trace of such was observable. The ovarium _
consisted of seventy-three rudimental eggs or ova all in
healthy state of progress.
_ Tf these experiments appear insufficient or ‘inconclusive I
would recommend the adoption of a second experimentali-
zation, at the worst no evil save a loss of time and means
would accrue, but in all probability an advantage, that isa
confirmation and corroboration of these remarks, or may
be a correction. We have endeavoured to show to our
friendly farmers who possess poultry establishments in
proximity to Pheasant abounding woods, and who inform
us they possess a breed of Pheasant fowls, produced from an
206 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
admixture of the Pheasant with the domestic blood. That
all such specimens are either no Pheasant at all, but simply
a spangled species or hybreds between the domestic fowl
and the cock Pheasant, from which they can rear no pro-
geny; but who receive their continuous supplies of prolific
hybred eggs from pure domestic hens, and fresh cock
Pheasants—this accounts for their “half Pheasant chicks”
not becoming yearly more and more Pheasant like, which
would be inevitable, until at. length they would more
resemble that species than the fowl were it the case their
power of generation were complete.
There are spangled birds which have been bred and
reared with ordinary success in the poultry yard, which
exhibit to a casual observer the feather and plumage of the
Pheasant. Itis to this class that the farmer principally owes
his peculiar Pheasant plumaged chicks of complete generative
organs. The presence of the Pheasant among the hens in
the poultry yard is very rare, the latter are usually too
wary to be entrapped without making a hasty retreat,
whilst the former generally disincline to such a consumma-
tion of boldness when intruding for maintenance. What
we endeavour to maintain is that such occasionally occurs,
but not so often as is usually supposed. Such as are
really hybreds are unprolific inter sese, but when matched
with pure Pheasant or domestic fowl, inter-hybred speci~
mens may be obtained, which are incapable of founding a
new variety or sustaining a class. That is inter-hybreds
whether matched with inter-hybreds, with hybreds, pure
Pheasant, pure fowl, or any described in our series of
experiments are, as a rule, unprolific, and the very excep-
tional specimens thus produced are sterile. That Game
fowls receive their pugnacity and high metal from any
relationship with the Pheasant is very erroneous, their blood
PHEASANT SPANGLED MALAY. \ ae
is quite distinct, they are of different species though
belonging to the same genus. We trust our remarks will
be taken as they stand as evidence in support of facts, or
disproved of and tested. Of the two we would much
prefer the adoption of the latter. We, therefore, cannot
allow that the pheasant Malay has right to be considered
related to the Pheasant in the remotest degree. Hybreds,
that is the produce of the Malay hen and Pheasant cock,
are not allied, even in appearence, to the so called pheasant
Malay, the only resemblance being in the colour of the |
plumes, which are more or less Pheasant like in both, whilst
the shape and make are at unquestionable variance. From
whence came the pheasant Malay, which we prefer desig-
nating pheasant-spangled Malay for the express purpose of
indicating its non-blood relationship but mere feather
resemblance to the Pheasant. We firmly believe they
sprang from the black Malay and golden spangled Hamburgh,
with an after admixture of light brown or chocolate Malay
blood. We have ourselves procured specimens bearing
much resemblance by these means, with the exception of
the comb, which in each case has ultimately become larger
than in any pheasant-spangled Malay we have yet seen. —
But the after admixture of the light brown Malay, together
with the breeding in and in to which they have been sub-
jected may have reduced it to that minimum displayed as
exhibited in this breed.
The pheasant-spangled Malay cock’s average weight is
about seven pounds.
The pheasant-spangled Malay hen’s average weight is
about five pounds.
The former is of good courage, and in thelatter is displayed
a consequential and at times perversive spirit.
General shape—More atter the full size Game than
Malay, but bearing a resemblance to each.
208 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Head.—Their countenance invariably bears strong afiinity
to the Malay, and the expression of the eye denotes fierce
cruelty.
Ear-lobes, blueish white.
Comb small, but larger than in the pure Malay, is of
similar shape and inclination, but in some resembles a
diminutive Hamburgh’s. ,
Neck long, neck-hackle in both sexes black and velvetty,
with greenish shadows. In the male occasionally 1s ex-
hibited a dark reddish hackle with black ink stains or tips,
with a lighter tinge underneath.
The usual colour of the body of the male varies from a
light toa dark red, with breast and rump black or partridge
brown, the former spangled with semi-oval spots. — The
females are far more beautiful, being of a rich pheasant colour
or light red, are of good shape and make. The markings
on the breast resemble the plumage of the cock pheasant,
from which peculiarity arises the idea of the existence of
a cross between them and that bird. Some specimens are
less attractive, being of a duller hue.
Tail not strongly sickled, but well defined and carried
uprightly, is more abundant than in the Malay, and of a
dark brown and black feather, frequently grey or grizzled
in some part. In the hen they are of a similar hue, and in
some specimens the two uppermost feathers indicate an
inclination to curl.
Legs yellow, but sometimes white and rather long.
The hens prove excellent sitters and mothers, and if
well feathered are very ornamental. Their eggs are well
shaped and of good flavour, but rather small, averaging
about two ounces in the winter season, and two and one-
third during the warmer months—are of smooth surface and
tinged with buff or light chocolate. They are free layers,
but usually commence late in the season.
PHEASANT SPANGLED MALAY. 209
Flesh is white and very excellent, partaking of the favour
of the Pheasant, in connexion with the size and juiciness
of the fowl, is held in much esteem as a table delicacy. _
The chicks of the pheasant-spangled Malay are rather
small, but present a regular appearence, varying from a
light yellow to a deep orange tint, with one or two deeper
stripes running longitudinally from the head to the lower
part of the back. They should be hatched early in the sea-
son, but not too early, as they feather but slowly. ‘Taking
the average of seasons, the last week of April is best adapted.
for their exclusion. After the age of eight or nine weeks
they grow rapidly, and the pulleret, a few months after,
presents a neat uniform plumage. The cockerel’s feathery
coat is usually developed one month later.
Hybreds between the male Pheasant and common fowl
vary much in feather, necessarily resulting from the diver-
sified plumage of the hens matched with him, and depending
upon the peculiar variety of both. They, however, in-
variably exhibit more or less the pheasant-spangled
plumage of the male, tinted with chocolate or fawn, with
hackles and tail of a dark brown. The feathers of the
latter are long, and carried midway between the inclination |
of the Pheasant’s and the fowl’s. No comb or wattles, i |
no definite circle round the eye, as in the Pheasant; legs |
and claws of a darkish hue. The general carriage resem- : |
ples the latter more than the domestic fowl. They are
miserably shy, but tame, stupid, sheepish, drowsy looking
“ things,” more than birds, but appear to comprehend their / :
own position in the scale of anomalies. .
However curious the breeding of such useless creatures
may prove, I feel satisfied much disappointment will ensue |
if the object be mere fancy without any accompanying I}
motive for experimentalization. Valueless as fowls, equally , |
N |
210 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
so as pheasants, they display nothing but those qualities
calculated to instil into the mind sensations of pain and
regret, that such poor listless creatures should be called
to an existence of such gaping imbecility.
MALAY-DORKS
(Hitherto termed “ Chittagongs.” )
That we are about to settle a dispute which has existed
in the minds of * fanciers” for a considerable period respect-
ing the ancestry of this fowl, or sift and analyze the
arguments of either side for the purpose of determining
the controversial point, we do not entertain the remotest
anticipation. Our object being the realization of truth
and the extension of the same to the public—the product
of our most solicitous inquiries and earnest investigations
into the subject are here set forth without the least
restriction of circumstance. We will not, however, enter
into the details of our adventurous expositions, but lay
before our readers our opinion as resulting therefrom, toge-
ther with the main facts as they stand.
The so-called “ Chittagong” cock averages from 22 to 23
inches in height when standing at ease, and 9 to 10 pounds
in weight; the hen averages from 19 to 20 inches in
height, and 7 to 8 pounds in weight.
The usual colour of both sexes is speckled grey with
similar hackles—some are of uniform light yellow marked
with pale brown and black; others are irregularly span-
gled—tail small—comb medium. They are perfectly free
from topknot, with moderate wattles; head broader and
shorter than the Malay’s, but with similar expression of
THE MALAY—CROSS-BREEDS. 211
countenance. Breast ample as in the Dorking, and shorter
in the leg than the Malay. The figure resembles the
Dorking in general conformation. Shanks bare and yellow,
or orange, in some instances white. As market fowls or
as ego producers they are superior to either Dorking or
Malay, and a most invaluable bird—the flesh proving
white, juicy, and of good flavour. They consume much
less than the latter, but arrive at perfection at an earlier
period—are much hardier as chicks than the Dorking, and
attain superior weights. It must be borne in mind the
above is not the description of one specimen, but of the
average of five hundred pairs. I here unhesitatingly pro-
nounce my firm opinion, founded upon the observance of
facts, that all such specimens as have hitherto been exhi-
bited as “ Chittagongs,” or have come before me as such,
have been either Malays of a light colour or the issue of
admixture between that class of birds and grey Dorkings, or
in some instances between the light yellow Malay and the
same birds. I do not, however, positively assert that there
are no birds which should be termed “ Chittagongs,” but
merely that all that have come before me bearing that
appellative deserve but the distinction of “ Malay-Dorks”
as indicative of “ facts.”
CROSS-BREEDS.
BRAHMAPOOTRAS OR MAYSHANG-DORKS.
For cross-breeding purposes, or the infusion of fresh
blood into degenerate farm stock, the Malay’s size and
constitutional hardiness render him well adapted; but, in
212 FERGUSON ON. FOWL.
most cases of such degeneracy that have transpired under
my own observation, a fresh importation from another
strain of the same class has proved sufficiently remedial
without resorting to cross-breeding. Admixture, when
confined to the same class, we approve of, but, as a prin-
ciple, seriously object to crossing distinct families of fowls
when it can otherwise be prevented—when such is how-
ever expedient the effects produced by the presence of a
vigorous Malay cock, in the place of a degenerate stock
bird, will be manifest in the hardiness and vigour of the
immediate progeny.* ;
From whence, and what are Brahmapootras? are ques-
tions which are frequently presented under envelopic
forms at the office of our poultry association. The many
subscribers who have thus favoured us with their confiden-
tial patronage receive in the following remarks our candid
impression upon the subject :—
Without parading with the intricacies which have been
solved in our minute and solicitous inquiries into the origin
of many specimens bearing the distinguished title of
Brahmapootras, we here produce before the anxious “fancier”
the result, and not the items of our researches upon this
point. That nearly all the specimens, recognised and
denominated under this head at our poultry exhibitions,
are of a mixed character is certain. That is if they claim
pretence to a distinct class, we urge there are many
varieties of them, and that they are’ exceedingly irregular
is proved in the rearing of a few broods, some exhibiting
a small cup at the uppermost part of the comb, as in pecu-
liar specimens of Dorking, but more diminutive; others
possess a spike comb, whilst some a rose one; many may
* For this purpose we recommend the black or brown-red Malay as
the most uppropriate.
THE MALAY—CROSS-BREEDS. 213
be recognised with a small single one fac-simile of the
Shanghae’s, whilst not by any means the fewest number
a head piece closely resembling the Malay’s flattened warty
excrescence. Next comes the eye which, in far the
greatest number, closely resembles the Malay’s in its
expression of ferocity, and for being deeply socketted—
- whilst in some the Shanghae’s is self-evident. The great
difference existing between the ear-lobes of the various speci-
mens bred from one pair next forcibly presents itself; some
have a considerable mouldy white patch as in the Dorking,
whilst in others it is no more developed than in the purely
bred Shanghae. The entire head and crimson face bear
the closest resemblance to the serpent-headed vivid Malay’s,
whilst the legs usually are feathered to the toes as in the
Shanghae; some, however, develop different degrees of fea-
theriness about their pedal limbs, and others possess little or
none. With regard to the general body feather, for the most
part Shanghae featheriness prevails; but I have observed in
some a firmness and closeness about the wing-coverts much
resembling the Malay in wiriness. Their usual colour is
presented by a grey ground with black pencillings in the
neck, saddle-hackles, and wing-coverts, and similar dark
tints in the outer web of the quill feathers of the wing,
with black tail points; some are indiscriminately splashed
all over with black on a grey ground—others present plumes
as in the coloured Dorking.
What I wish toinculeate is that a portion of the birds exhi-
bitedas Brahmapootrasare but agrey variety of the Shanghae,
whilst the rest are made up, as were a pair forwarded me by
a gentleman a few months back, which were acknowledged
remarkably fine, but ultimately proved.capable of generat-
ing Malay, Shanghae, and Dorking chicks to pretty good
perfection. Now, were the Malay crossed upon the
214 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Shanghae without the presence of the Dorking blood the
offspring would naturally run more lanky than the pure
Shanghae, seeing the Malay has a greater inclination
towards that form—moreover, many so-called “ Brahma-
pootras” possess a less expanse of breast—the Malay being
thus deficient in connexion with a sharp fall from the base
of neck-hackle to the insertion of the tail. |
This latter peculiarity only afew Brahmapootras exhibit.
But why? Because most have, but some have not the
presence of the Dorking blood, which tones down the
aspiring tendency to shoot upwards, and registers the
breast and body in part conformity with its own close
compact frame, distributing at the same. time its speckled
tints with more or less regularity to the otherwise grey
plumage.
I do not by these remarks intend to discourage the _
philanthropist who is endeavouring to produce a superior
strain of birds capable of more efficiently supplying the
demands of the market, but rather to incite. At
the same time, as a recorder of classes and varieties, it
behoves meto instil into the minds of the people the absurdity
of coining distinct apellatives for cross-breeds, and the
necessity of selecting only such as are denotaries of
facts, so that the naturalist, in future years, may have the
less obscurity to remove from the threshold of his labours, -
and fewer stumbling blocks from his path. Let us, there-
fore, term them no longer Brahmapootras but “ Mayshang-
dorks,” and hybreds between the Malay and the Shanghae
by the term “ Mayshangs ;” and those genuine grey birds
which originally came from Shanghae, and not from
America as is currently reported, Grey Shanghaes, seeing
they are but a differently feathered Shanghae to the
other varieties, and are similar in appearance, save in the
THE MALAY—CROSS-BREEDS 215
tail which is carried more erect; the outer web of wing
quills is moreover black. There are no other Grey
Shanghaes, why therefore should this be insufficient
to denote the existing differential points? (See page 20.)
The flesh of the Mayshang-dork is superior in quality
to that of the average Shanghae or Malay, is of good
flavour; white, plump, and juicy, with less offal, and having
the advantage of superior weight over the Dorking, whilst
their eggs are larger than the former bird’s, and more
abundant than the produce of the latter.
“ SHAKEBAGS.”
¢
“ Shakebags” are the immediate issue of the British
Game hen when matched with the Malay cock, and will
receive our attention under the head of “ Game fowls.”
THE COLUMBIAN FOWL.
From whence originates this, that, or the other magnifi-
cent bird, are queries likely to be urged and indefinitely
responded to so long as elegance or nobility of deportment .
are recognised, indicative of primitive distinctions. Much
as we confute exhibiting the spirit of rivalry or counte-
nancing contention, we are bound to expose error in what-
ever form it may appear, register its deteriorating effects,
and elucidate truth. It is not, however, with persons we
have to contend, but with their theories. Mr. Richardson has,
216 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
evidently confounded typical representations of originality
by endeavouring to establish the primitive character of this
bird upon the ground of deportment, he remarks—“ a very
noble fowl presenting the appearence of a cross between
Spanish and Malay, but possessing so much nobility andstate-
liness of aspect that I am loath to regard it otherwise than
as a distinct and very primitive variety ” (page 74, “ Richard-
son’s Domestic Fowl). At page 75, he continues—‘ I think
itnot improbable they are the origin of the breed now known.
as Spanish.” The latter surmise is evidently no less fal-
lacious than the former, but mere persuaded supposition is
all the evidence produced in support of either.
This fowl is a native of Columbia, in South America,
but not an aboriginal. Its many semblances to the primary
Spanish and Malays are perceptible, even to a casual ob-
server. In some the comb is single, but large, erect, and
serrated at its edge, as in the Spanish; in others double or
wart-shaped, and uneven as in the Malay.
Wattles differ, in some the lengthy caruncles of the former
bird are developed, in others the rudimentary appendages of
the latter. :
The eye and face are usually denoted by a fac-simile
representation of the fierce and cruel Malay’s, but are
irregular in this particular. |
The legs are slate colour or black as in the Spanish, also
olive, and sometimes yellow, but less bright than in the
Malay. They are higher on the leg than the former, and
approximate the latter in the length of their pedal limbs.
The general plumage is of a raven black as exhibited in
the Spanish, but some specimens are more extensively
shaded with green metallic lustre.
The neck-hackle betrays the properties of the Malay in
repletion, as exhibited in its peculiar glossy appearance.
THE MALAY—CROSS-BREEDS. 217
They are entirely devoid of topknot, but possess a
development of beard differing in extent, in some but little
is exposed to view, in others there is no pretension to its
possession. It is formed by a collection of feathers spreading
from the cheeks to the lower mandible. This feature is
evidently acquired from the Malay, some of which may be
- met with, bearing this irregular supplimentary supply of .
throat feathers. In answer to a query which appeared
in the Field, February 18th, 1854, I register the fact of .
the procuration of two male specimens direct from the
Peninsula, one of which subsequently assumed the lower
mandible appendage in full repletion. When first imported —
he displayed but a minimum development arising from his
fullness of moulting habit. The beard is but exceptionally
_ possessed by the Malay, neither is its mien desirable: what-
ever may be the effects produced by the combination of
topknot and beard, the absence of the former renders the
presence of the latter in no way ornamental. We have
endeavoured to prove that all arguments advanced in op-
position to the idea of their origin being derived from an
admixture of Spanish and Malay blood, upon the ground
of the impossibility of generating a breed of permanent
beard developing birds from such as were destitute of the
feature, are groundless, inasmuch as the principle though —
valid, is not borne out by the facts of this example, seeing
bearded Malays have been met with.
The male birds weighs about 8 to 84 lbs.
The hen do. do. do 64to 7 do.
The former stands do. 22 to 23 ins.
The lattter do. do. 17 to 18 do.
They are very prolific, producing eggs exceeding the
weight of the Spanish, with equal supplies; the extraor-
dinary weight of four and a half ounces of ege stuff has
|
;
= |
|
|
|
es a
a
918 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
been enclosed within one shell, such, however, is but ex-
ceptional, at the same time the average weight of their eggs
exceeds that of any other known variety. They are large
consumers, and require almost an equalamount of sustenance
to the Malay; are good incubators and careful mothers, here
evincing, as in that bird, a tendency diametrically opposed
to the modern Spanish. The chicks are robust from the
moment of their exclusion and easily reared, proving equally
deserving of attention by their superior flesh, which is
white, delicate, and very fine in flavour. The care conferred
upon ordinary fowls is ample for their requirements, being
hardy and of sound constitutional habit of body. From
these particulars may be perceived the existing development
of the respective traits of the two birds advanced by us as
progenitors of the race. At the same time not desiring our
opinion to be recognised as valid without the exercise of
discretionary experimentalization and research, we earnestly
recommend the adoption of such a course as a medium
of just and satisfactory corroboration.
Having instituted searching investigations into the right
by which they are regarded as primitive originals, we are
compelled, by the force of evidence deduced, to pronounce
them an acquired race, and typical of no primary class, but
the probable result of admixture between the primitive
Spanish and Malay fowls.
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL. 219
THE GAME FOWL.
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL.
ConTENTIOUS displays of argument respecting the ancestry
of this most beautiful and noble race of fowls are numerous.
Authorities,worthy of creditupon many details,appear devoid
of that accuracy of thought and soundness of principle when
tracing the origin of this fowl, which wouldclaim for them its
just exercise on this point. Some appear eager to condense
the primitive originals to an unity upon the ground of mere
possibility, without regard to form and substance; others
equally zealous to nominate every variety a progenitor, and
claim for such a distinct primary origin. Amongst the
former Buffon appears foremost,who,aware the many troubles
to the naturalist consequent upon a further peculiar division
and subdivision of poultry into classes, varieties, and sub-
varieties, and the tracing of such to their respective —
progenitors, abandons the idea, by the more convenient
task of concentrating them to one primitive original pair.
His task was indeed a comprehensive one, that of classi-
fying the many orders of the animal world, and therefore
the more minute particulars were destined to form the
occupation of succeeding ages. The Rev. Mr. Dixon, the
ablest authority in support of the latter, contends earnestly
for the substantiation of his thoery; but as representatives
of the Game class he produces but few varieties, and recog-
nises the blue dun fowl as distinct from them.
220 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
We on the other hand acknowledge the ideriity of blood
of the different strains and varieties of Game fowls when
purely bred, but are constrained to claim on behalf of the
entire class rights to typical originality. We purpose, in
the prefatory remarks to this volume, rendering an expo-
sition of the various originals described by all travelling
naturalists deserving of credit, and tracing their respective
resemblances to our own several classes, for the purpose of
registering such as appear entitled to the credit of pro-
genitorship, at the same time renouncing such as are
hybridous, thereby divesting this subject of its obscurity,
and rendering it more tangible and intelligible than it has
hitherto appeared before the public.
We contend the Game fowl, if purely bred, bears no
affinity to the Malay, and that heis not related by blood even
in the remotest degree, but assign his descent to a species
of the Gallus Sonneratii. Whatever differences in feather
may present themselves from the alliance they are but small
compared to general computations on this head, and still
less at variance in shape, carriage, and general conformity.
We do not maintain all varieties and sub-varieties of the
class recognised as such are directly descended from this
stock, neither do we consider the present Indian breed of
the same lineage—whilst the true bird’s symmetrical form
closely resembles the air and elegance almost invariably
exhibited in pure primary breeds, many may be observed
bearing the carriage and appearance of the Malay, some
with the Polish lower mandible, and crest appendages
in a diminutive form, and others possessing a development
of the ordinary fowl’s coarse features and feathery armour.
We do not urge that these termed Game fowls are similarly
descended, but merely that their game properties are indica-
tive of partial descent, and that the progenitors of those traits
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL. 221
wereinthemselvestypical of aprimevalorder. The existence
of the practice of cock-fighting in the Peninsula of Malay,
and other parts of India, anterior to the introduction of the
Game fowl into this country, and its continued nationality
in those parts, does not in the least countenance the idea —
that the birds thus brought into requisition were or are
identical with our gallants. The Malays of the present
day frequently stake their “all” upon the chances of one
battle, until their last coin is placed upon the head of their
favourite bird. The wealthy, not exceptionally,risk personal
property to enormous amounts upon their supposed invin-
cible hero, whose merits have been previously tested, and
whose prowess still remains in unequalled force. But these :
champions are much heavier and less agile than the British
Game, being usually generated fromthe Malay but occasion-
ally from an admixture of a smaller indigenous species, or a
favourite imported varietywiththat bird. Neither can the
breed produced from the Malay, when mated with the im-
mediate discendant of the Bankiva or Bantam race, be
confounded, the issue thus bred have been by some recog-
nised as progenitors of the Game class, such must be
confuted, since improbable conjecture is all the evidence in
its favour. Let but the single comb become permanent from
the admixture, and it will command our attention. ‘This
feature by domestication is induced to duplicity, but never
to become single. Without extending objections, in this
feature alone, lies ample evidence in support of the non-
recognition of this absurd theory.
A work of this character, with the smallest pretensions
to portray the peculiar distinguishing qualities of the
varieties of poultry, would be incomplete were the history
of so interesting a fowl omitted from its pages. That
polished nation the Greeks are the first on record who
222 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
advantagized the natural propensity of the breed for the
diversion of its citizens, with whom it became a national
and fashionable sport (B.c. 500.) In the city of Pergamus
an amphitheatre was erected for the express purpose of
carrying out the desire of Themistocles, a celebrated
Athenian general, in its annual celebration.*
Socrates, Solon, and the ancient philosophers, highly
commended the sport as calculated to engender resolute
courage, and incite the stimulating effects of national
resentment in the soldiery. The pupils of these philosophers
were equally encouraged in its practice, as exciting and
productive of energetic displays of decisive resolve to over-
come every difficulty besetting the path of literature. At
a subsequent period the Romans no less emulously com-
plied with these enjoined national precepts, and at once
acknowledged the diversion as of religious and political
importance. The cock was regarded by them as the
emblem of courage, and dedicated to their several deities.
Moreover, the pugnacious propensities and indomitable
courage of either beast or bird furnished means for their
diversion, and was seldom overlooked by the Roman. The
monsters of the Lybian desert, and the British mastiffs, in
* The primary cause of the celebration of this sport appears to have
arisen from a peculiar circumstance which occurred whilst Themistocles
was commanding his army againstthe Persians. “In his march heespied
two cocks fighting and immediately caused his army to behold them, and
made the following speech :—‘ Behold, these do not fight for their house-
hold gods, for the monuments of their ancestors, for glory, for liberty, or
the safety of their children, but only because the one will not give way
to the other.’ This so encouraged the Grecians that they fought strenu-
ously and obtained a victory over the Persians; upon which cock-fighting
was by a particular law ordained to be annually practised by the Athe-
nians, and hence the origin of this sport in England was derived.”—
Bailey's Universal Entomological English Dictionary.
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL. 223
which this isle once abounded, played their part in the arenas
of ancient Rome; neither was the Quail overlooked. The
Persian breed of cocks appears to have been regarded
as invincible, and was much sought after by all capable of
paying the exorbitant prices demanded. The description
furnished by Aldrovandi, on the authority of Florentius,
of certain hens in Alexandria from which fighting cocks
were bred, bears close resemblance to our own; he more-
over mentions their extreme incubating powers, and their
general excellent qualifications as mothers and protectors.
Theywere called monosite (%. e., one mealers, or such as eat
butonce a day.) ‘There is soikiaiy peculiar respecting this
latter circumstance, for no close sitter of any breed should
leave the nest more frequently than once in twenty-four
hours; nature invariably contriving to relieve and reple-
nish itself during the regular interval of a few minutes ~
per day. Some hens absent themselves from the eggs
but every other day, and, upon first taking to a strange
place, I have known them to remain thereon for seventy-
two hours without intermission.
To the Romans we are, doubtless, indebted for their
introduction into this country. Anterior to their possession
of the soil a species of fowl was domiciled, but of which we
have no particular description. There can be but little
doubt they imported their own well loved well proved
breed, and at once nationalized the practice of cock-fighting
in Britain; but we are unable to trace any account of |
such previous to the reign of Henry H., when immense
numbers were annually bred for the special purpose.
This once popular diversion has been subject to much
change—at one period revered, at another menaced by
law. Henry VIII. and James I. were amongst its enthu-
siastic supporters, and in their day it became the minister to
eee eerste reine nn Se
224 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the imperial sports. Oliver Cromwell (1554) on the other
hand, had a personal detestation of its practice, and de-
nounced it, inflicting severe penalties upon its patrons.
In the reign of Charles II. it again flourished, and the
rendezvous of Henry VIII. was re-opened by the king in
person for the special purpose of its celebration.*
It cannot be regretted that this inhuman sport is now
prohibited by law in England as being productive of demo-
ralization, and its inevitable effects poverty and distress;
but although no longer recognised as a national or approved
pastime, hundreds of cocks are annually fought, both in
mains and single handed, in London and the country. For
the effectual carrying out of this unlawful diversion resort
is obtained to the uppermost stories of ale houses, and other
out of the way places. The matches usually “come off”
about the season of Lord Mayor’s day and subsequent
periods, commencing from three o’clock im the afternoon
and continuing on and off until midnight, according to
the number of previously arranged suits. Cocks and
even chicks hatched the same year are frequently fought
on the Lord Mayor’s day. They are carried to the ring
in hand bags, at the bottom of which has been deposited a
little straw. Their feathers are then trimmed short,
tail docked, spurs truncated with a small fine saw, over
which is placed the socket of the silver or steel heel, more
frequently the former. By the means of a small layer of
chamois leather a perfect fit is obtained, and a few careful
* Likewise many pits of very inferior description were in vogue, in which
the lowest of the rabble would spend their last mite upon the chances
of “the fight.” The effects of this diversion reduced many distinguished
families to poverty and distress, proving a far greater curse to the nation
than the present gambling connected with race courses, and far more
serious in its ulterior results.
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL. 295
and neat twists with a piece of thread previously waxed
ensure a firm and steady pair of heels. They are placed
in the scales in thin bags, weighed and matched toa
quarter of an ounce. ‘The “setters too,” then take each
man his cock in hand, wipe the feet, and having marked
the ring, and taken opposite sides, the birds are let fly. The
betting then rages—two to one—four to five—half crowns,
crowns, half sovereigns or sovereigns, whichever you please.
I must here make one observation although frequenters of
these repositories of evil deserve all they lose, still we
object to see men robbed under any circumstances. We
remark,—whilst the birds are being scaled or heeled, a
stranger, to “you at least,” will occasionally go round and
desire you to bet on one of the two cocks—which you
please—agreeing to take the other at the same amount.
Now as he semblesa very good natured fellow, and reminds
youitis just to make a little sport, it appears very fair, and
forms a clean bait, and a generous hearted sporter will
usually accept it. Let us see the result. The cocks meet,
a few blows disables one, and you perceive you have the
best of the game—one or two strokes more and your bird
stabs his foe mortally—he falls; you look up but your
man is nowhere to be found, he has most likely gone for
the money, but seldom succeeds in finding it, and never
returns. The next meeting day he has no recollection of
you, and was not at the place the time you speak of, he had
to call upon a friend, and was detained. But, mark the
difference. The two birds meet, your bird is stabbed, and
at length killed. or will not peck, and no sooner is he
“ counted out” than your friend stands before you.
It would surprise our “friends” if publicity were given to
the names of our gentlemen of the sanguine turn of mind, who
are, according to verbal testimony, physically recommended
oO
>. rid FERGUSON ON FOWL.
to the spectatorship of this exciting diversion. Many would
be the wonders created in the breasts of delicate females
were but the initials of the coadjutors of these assem-
blers placed in alphabetical order in a column of the
Times newspaper—I mean columns. Let them now take
the hint and withdraw from these depravities and personal
proofs of virtue’s decline. But however urgent might
be claims of humanity and refinement for the prevention
of the opportunities of indulging in this cruel sport, it be-
comes equally patent, if its provisions were sufficiently
stringent to entirely outroot it, this breed, the glory of the
British poultry keeper, and the most beautiful and noble
of fowls, would soon degenerate into mere nominal value,
and the emblem of courage would be plucked from British
soil to flourish elsewhere. |
Without an occasional trial of quality no certainty can
be established, since admixture is equally necessary, and
admixture with that which has received uncertain mingling
is equally contingent. Were the race horse not permitted
to run, equally deteriorating to the breed would be the
effect, seeing propagators unable to discover blemish would
be compelled to match indiscriminately. The Game fowl
among poultry is analagous to the Arabian amongst horses,
the high-bred short-horn amongst cattle, and the greyhound
amongst the canine race.
However interesting the details of “ cocking” and its
accompaniments might prove to some, or the peculiar feed-
ing, and nicety of weight to which they may be brought in
a given time, or the rules observed in the ring, we are un-
willing to impart a further knowledge of them, as calculated
to be productive of disgust to the refined and injurious
consequences to the depraved. We must at the same time
mention that those mysteries which some writers appear
HISTORY OF THE GAME OR ENGLISH FOWL. 227
anxious to instil into the minds of their readers, in con-
nexion with this sport as food for conjecture, are no mys-
teries at all save to themselves. There is nothing but the
eruel diversion itself, peculiar, but appropriate methods
of feeding, adapted means for its private continuance,
rules calculated to the observance of order, fair play, equal
matching, and prevention of dispute, or detection of those
exceptionables non-fee-receiving constables.
We do not in these remarksintend breathing countenance
to so strong a mark of depravity as is self-evident upon the
face of this sport, but merely to maintain there are no
mysteries connected with it. We promise our readers to
make them acquainted with all matters calculated to render
them assistance in the more harmless and instructive diver-
sion of rearing and breeding their respective feathery tribes,
and trust this will be deemed a sufficient proof of good
faith. , stb sab:
Britain has long been, and still is, the grand repository
of this matchless race of “nobles.” Buffon himself regarded
- such as a fact in his day, by expressly nominating them
“the English fowl.” The Knowsley strain of black-
breasted reds, belonging to the late Lord Derby, were,
and still are, considered the finest and most select in the
country. The pedigree has been carefully preserved, and
the various admixtures with Lord Sefton’s, and other dis-
stinguished strains registered for its preservation and
further judicious admixture. This nobleman dearly loved
witnessing the display of those distinguishing characteristics
of the breed, exhibited in their dauntless prowess and reso-
lute courage—their noble contour and aristocratic deport-
ment—together with their rapid but graceful actions,
skilled fly, and powerful strike—their elegant posture and
228 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
watchful eye. Neither were rings or silver spurs asso-
ciated with any disagreeable reflections in his breast.
He, moreover, possessed breeders, special feeders, and
knowing setters-to, for the purpose of supporting this most
exciting pastime. He regarded it no more inhuman to place
cock with cock than trained hounds with hare or fox; no
further vivlation of good faith with the animal world to subject
the noble chanticleer to a violent but valiant, rapid, and fear-
less decease for the sake of sport, than hunting the tenants of
the wood, and exposing them to that fatiguing, heart-
distressing, and alarming condition consequent upon a pro-
tracted death, without regard to the awful sensations of
fear they endure, but merely with a view to the self-
indulgence of pleasure. In the name of humanity, we ask
our gentle hunting readers, what moral difference they
perceive? Not whether the former is equally humane with
the latter, but rather whether the latter is not as much at
variance with the dictates of humanity as the former?
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE OF THE ENTIRE
CLASS.
Allowing for difference of size and sex, the hen conforms
to the shape and general figure of her mate. It is, more-
over, requisite to observe that the following distinguishing
characteristics are independent of plumage, there being but
one recognised standard of excellence for the shape,
deportment, and properties of the entire class :—
Head should be small but long, tapering or serpent-
shaped in both sexes, and very finely finished.
Eye large and bright, full of expression, but not cruel
as in the Malay. .The iris of the black variety is usually
dark hazel. The black-breasted red, vermilion red, deep
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAME FOWLS. 229
orange, or yellow. Duckwing, orange, daw, or grey.
Dun, dark red. Pile, daw, but in the blood-wing pile
more frequently vermilion red.
Beakshould be very thick at base, strong, and well curved.
Comb of bright crimson, is small in both male and female,
and evenly serrated at its edge; should be single, erect,
straight, and of fine texture. A double or sprouted comb
indicates unquestionably impurity ; moreover the quality
of the breed becomes manifest in the quality of the comb
and gills.
If the lower mandible appendage or comb of this class
be compared. with the Dorking’s, or with that of any ordi-
nary fowl, a contrast in texture and quality will be at once
apparent. .
Wattles or gills, of fine texture and small.
Throat of the male is bare as in the Malay, but not to
such an extent, save when trimmed. }
Ear-lobe in both sexes very small, with a light greenish
tinge; in some a blue tint prevails. An extension of this
feature in the form of a mouldy ear-lobe is exceedingly
objectionable.
Ears are covered with fine diminutive waey hair rather
than feather.
Face, in both male and female, of a nee red; but
the darkest strains are occasionally gipsy-faced, with comb
and gills of similar dark purple hue, in connexion with a
deep hazel iris, black pupil, and deep brown and black beak.
Neck long, full, and strong. A short neck si very dis-
advantageous in the “pit,” and proves equally objectionable:
to the eye of a connoiseur.
Nech-hackhle round, close feathered, wiry, but of silley
transparency, as in the Malay.
Breast broad, prominent, and fully developed, indicative
230 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
of constitutional vigour. An indented or crooked breast is
a decided malformation, and its consequent disadvantages
necessarily become apparent in the first protracted skirmish
in which such an one may be engaged.
Belly should be small and compact.
Back short, stiff, close-feathered, and hard; should be
flat and broad between shoulders. 3
Saddle-hackle, in the male, of silky transparency, shaded
off towards the extremities, and falling in a graceful incli-
nation between the wing and insertion of tail.
Thighs short, thick, and muscular, well set to shoulder,
and held wide apart. Birds with legs set far back in the
body are never so active or capable of sustaining a fatiguing
affray as those whose pedal limbs are in the foremost part.
Shank or beam of leg rather long as compared to the
thigh, should be well boned and strong, finely and evenly
scaled. Such as present shank and beak of a similar
colour are preferred. |
Toes—four on each foot, should be clean, even, and flat
on ground, with long fine claws. Short toes are deci-
denly objectionable, as lessening the power of the clutch
or “ spring-stay.”
Spurs, clean and well made, the lower on the leg the
greater the extension of leverage, and therefore the more
deadly the blow inflicted therewith. The hens are some-
times spurred, more frequently the dark dun strains. I
have observed birds bred from such hens usually prove firm
and clean hitters, that is, strike hard, high, and scientifically.
Wings carried Bantam fashion, but being much longer do
not appear so struttish; they are very long, full and round,
and amply protect the thighs; are of energetic muscular
adjustment, and furnished with very hard quills. The
wings of the noble chanticleer are frequently brought into
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAME FOWLS. 231
requisition after reaching the summit of a wall or lofty
perch, and with a resolute and rapid flap they strike in bold
defiance, and, as a further signal for his native powers, his:
noble voice immediately resounds as far as echoe’s reach,
and challenges the world despite her claims. He spurns the
lofty perch he oceupies, and flies to meet his rival on the
field of strife. Occasionally his wings proclaim aloud his
presence even after his sisal crow, but more frequently
before.
Tail—in the male, long, ae sickled and spread, deeply
rooted and tufted. In the hen fan-shaped, and carried
well up.
General figure—Well put together, round-bodied, and
tapering towards the tail. Should not be flat-sided, such
being usually induced from hereditary sources, or breeding
in and in, no specimen presenting such a malformation
should be bred from. The Game fowl is of beautiful
symmetry, and when perfect, is the most graceful of all
known varieties of the extensive family of fowl. The hen
should be round like an apple, tapering towards the tail.
In general figure, closeness and elegance of form, she bears
_as strong a resemblance to the male as possible, allowing
for the existing differential sex.
Deportment.—The male should be erect and majestic,
bold and confidential, but not stiff or reserved; the hen
elegant, graceful, and neat, full of life or fire if need be.
- Gait.—The gait of the male is stately and elastic—he
should never be seen jogging along with wings on back
goose fashion,” but strutting nobly with wings extended
over thighs; the hen should be of easy carriage, agile, and
of light and elastic tread.
Crow varies with the diverse strains, but averages a clear,
but not by any means shrill, alto—loud, but not harsh, and
232 FERGUSON ON FOWL,
of medium duration ; some varieties pronounce their autho-
rity in defiant and abrupt strains. Their note of war
should be very continuous, and reiterated often during the
day and at early morn, accompanied by the warrior’s
defiant flapping of his feathery armour, proving thereby
his right to hold the: title “merry bird,” a term indi-
cative of peculiar excellence. If the hen return from a
victorious conflict, she too will occasionally follow the
example of her lord, and strain a note or two of his
ambitious song. Game hens of notorious good quality are
prone thus to aspire to regal rights. Some irritable
masters of the domain will scare their bold mistresses for
this public violation of submission, this indelicate assump-
tion and breach of modesty. Others, with the wing
extended to the ground, will take a circuit round and
sweep the turf in gallant exstacies to the honour of their
modest dame’s resentment to the intruding foe. Much
has been said by nearly every writer, or compiler of ‘our
poultry journals, respecting the demerits or ill luck con-
' nected with the crowing hen, the whistling woman, and
the lass who prattles Latin. Were the kind authors “ vice
versa sexed,” a virtue not a vice perhaps might be con-
ceived existing. Ah! would but a modest lass emerge
from hidden safe retreat and guide the willing pen through
this sad difficulty.
Well I am resolved to side no more with those who
without justice judge so arbitrarily, and therefore must
renounce all fellowship with them on this sore point.
I contend the hen is equally as estimable the day she
nobly triumphs in crowing notes as the day before, and
desire to know what physical process has been operating
to render her valueless so soon. The fact is she has really
proved a valiant and a Briton, and we, as lovers of Briton’s
_ CHARACTERISTICS OF GAME FOWLS. 233
birds, do much admire and show her all attention, inducing
her at the same time to render us her like. It is evident —
the blood, the spirit of a valiant, could not be appreciated,
and therefore was abused. If discord she produce among
the chanticleers, or strife betwixt her compeers, remove
her gently from the rest, but ruin not her name. Say you
not she is sterile, for young pullets, prolific as the feathery
Spanish aristocracy, have pleased me oft by boldly pro-
claiming their part conformity to the character of their
lord. I> repeat some of the most distinguished Gallic
heroes of this noble race have been generated from such
worthies. ad 37
As a rule amongst practical men all such are recognised
as the marrow, spirit, and sinew of the strain, from whence
its primitive original vigour and nobility may be re-
modelled. ry
Disposition—The male is proud, aspiring, jealous, and
resolute, but very generous, gallant, and attentive, to his
favourites. Brave, pugnacious, invincible, and unflinching
in conflict; but severe, hasty, and petulant, though not
cruelly tyrannical where respect by distance is observed.
His capriciousness increases with his age, and duelling
renders him excessively irritable even with his hens.
The society of chickens he almost invariably disproves,
as evinced by sundry strokes with the beak, or the raised
posture of his pedal limbs, to loose a feather from their
backs.
Constitution.—The male is capable of enduring a greater
amount of fatigue and bodily distress than it is possible for
any one unacquainted, with the cruel matches in which he
is occasionally engaged, to form the slightest conception of.
In the last agonies of death he will endeavour to seize his
antagonist, and if unable will receive the cruel spur wherever
234 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
it may enter without asigh. This power of endurance arises
not only from a repository of pride, spirit, and prowess, but
from the substantial coalition of a sound and vigorous con-
stitution, induced from an hereditary source; without such
an auxiliary he would be unable thus to stand as hero to the
last. When full grown they are extremely hardy, and
although naturally very active and lively, are capable of
bearing confinement as well as any variety of poultry, and far
better than the generality, if but proper attention be paid
to cleanliness, and they be provided with a few feet of dry
and gravelly soil. Until fully grown however, they must
not be introduced to a life of confinement, or an almost
immediate check upon their progressive powers will become
manifest. Where is there a bird which loves liberty and
thrives better under its confienment than our hero? But
my experience with the several varieties enables me to say
there are but few fowls capable of bearing up against
disease when subject to confinement better than the tight-
feathered robust Game class.
Feeders.— They are ever eager to welcome their supplies,
but require less sustenance than the Malay, Shanghae, or
the Spanish fowl. Being remarkably active they find much
which is overlooked or unturned by other poultry; but even
when unable to procure ought but hand supplies their wants
are satisfied by a smaller donation than is requisite for the
satiety of those adverted to.
Producers.—They cannot by any means be considered
first-class layers save in exceptional instances, still taking
the average of varieties they may be regarded very fair con-
tributors to the privy purse of their keeper, usually laying
every other day, but occasionally two days elapse before
the second tributary fee arrives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAME FOWLS. 935
Their eggs vary in shape and size, but the illustration is
more capable of efficiently portraying the accurate and
average size and shape than any amount of description.
FAC-SIMILE OF THE “ GAME” EGG.
The mean weight may be regarded from two and a quarter
to two anda half ounces. The shell is of fine texture and
varies from a white to a very pale buff tint. The Indian
Game breed are almost invariably producers of the latter.
The eggs of the entire class are considered very fine in
flavour, rich, but not strong. The difference in the colour
of their respective yolks is an interesting feature. One
given hen usually produces the same coloured yoke; but
the different varieties of the same class vary much. It is
certainly connected with their plumage, dark birds usually
producing dark yolks, but this is not invariably the case,
from observation connected with this exception I am induced
to consider the quality and description of food as possessing
material influence over it. E
Incubators and mothers.—They are unequalled as sitters,
and prove most solicitous protectors, as might be inferred
from their ardent temperament. They are remarkably
steady upon the nest, and seldom if ever break an egg, being
J
A St anew
236 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
very light and careful in both retiring from and resuming
their sedentary occupation. Their courage is oft displayed
in the defence of their progeny against the assaults of the
poe grimalkin, or more treacherous: adventurer the
“ mouser.” Neither can the feeder escape their resentment,
if he incautiously interferes with their offspring.
Flesh.—To be in good seasoned condition the flesh of the
male should be firm but light. Upon an ordinary run they
will always be found in a tolerable and creditable state.
The flavour is acknowledged to be unequalled, and the
whiteness, juiciness, and inimitable quality is proverbial.
Size.— Natural average weight of male 5 lbs. -
Sporting weight 4 lbs. 4 oz., to 4 lbs. 10 oz.
In the sporting circles all birds exceeding the last-named
weight are termed “ turn-outs,” and are not allowed to fight
in ordinary.
Hen’s natural average weight 3 Ibs. 6 02, to 4 Ibs.
Exceptional specimens are daily to be met with exceeding
the heaviest weight mentioned, but we have here given the
family average.
General feather.—It is an indubitable fact that the Game
class runs off into an almost endless variety of feather. This
is principally induced by injudicious matching. There are,
however, several comparatively permanent varieties which
have generated, with regularity and precision, progeny
resembling themselves in plumage. These demand our
respect as partially distinct sub-classes, having been retained
and sustained by select admixtures. But it may be asked
which is the best colour, and which is truly typical of the
primary progenitors? We remark the black-breasted red
appears to us most in proximity with the probable originals
and representatives of the breed, but not by any means
identical. In our prefatory remarks ample reasons will be
expounded for this persuasion. Every breeder who seeks
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAME FOWLS. 237
for quality and proves his strain must acknowledge that
first-rate birds may be found of any colour. Those who
regard feather as the grand desideratum have their own
peculiar favourite tints. But some endeavour to improve
quality and metal, looking at shape and advantageous points
as the all important consideration, confessing a disregard to
colour, seeing in most cases the admixtures have been so
frequent as to render the same blood differently feathered.
Although a certain feathered specimen may appear resem-
bling a remote progenitor, and follow him in quality and
other peculiarities, it 80 often occurs that a bird assumes the
appearance of his father in feather and mother in quality,
and vice versa as to render the rule exceeded by exceptions,
thereby nullifying it. If the bird be known to be of pure
origin, and possessed of good properties, as shape and make,
is agile, in robust health, proved to have been taken froma
good grass master walk, as corroborated by fine and seasoned
condition, hard, close, and sound feather, he is every-
thing with the lover of quality. But the refined amateur
desires, in conjunction with those properties, uniformity of
coat and plumage. There are afew notorious breeds which .
stand prominently forth with these combined excellences.
The Knowsley black-breasted reds, also Lord Sefton’s
strain, Freeman’s Piles and Duns, of which I have been
fortunate enough in procuring the supposed entire stock;
likewise Plumber’s brown reds are a merry hard-feathered
strain, with golden points of quality. In fact every colour
has its lord whose peculiar Black, or brown reds, Duns,
Piles, or Duckwings, are acknowledged very superior to the
general run. Whatever be the colour selected, the points
of quality are identical. The general feather should fit
tight to the skin, be as close as though waxed, and of firm,
hard, wiry, but silky transparency. The gingers or brown-
238 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
reds are usually the soundest in feather, whilst the Whites
or Piles, although good birds, are for the most part less
excellent in this respect.
After the second moult they are usually attired in a full
and mature suit, but the third frequently produces another
tone of richness to the otherwise splendid attire.
Colour.—It may be necessary to observe the varieties are
nominated according to the plumage of the male, without
regard to the more modest garb of the female. or instance
the black-breasted red hen possesses a deep robin-tinted or
light maroon breast, her suit moreover is composed of various
shades of straw and fawn; still we term her a black-breasted
red hen, meaning she generates that variety of cocks.
The Brown-breasted red hen, by that appellation would be
considered a lighter bird than the black red, by the unini-
tiated ; she is, however, darker, and moreover possesses
a breast in accordance with her name, but exhibits no
development of the brighter hue ascribed to her; still
she propagates birds in comformity with her variety.
We renounce the breeding together of irregular colours,
and recognise only such as are of uniform appearance, of
settled and sound plumage whatever the colour may be.
The adoption of indiscriminate admixture has had the
effect of surrounding the class with a multitudinous display
of meaningless appellatives which, together with the
injudicious method of appropriating local distinctions, have
enveloped their individual histories in obscurity almost im-
penetrable. ‘They, however, require to be registered that
they may not be increased.
VARIETIES.
The standing varieties are Blacks, Black and Brown-
reds, Duns, Duckwings, Piles, and Whites.
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. — 239
VARIETIES. SUB-VARIETIES.
Further respectively distinguished by white, yellow, olive, light and dark blue,
or black legs.
1. Blacks, including - - — é
Brassy wings.
( Black-breasted ginger-wing
red.
Black-breasted crow-wing
reds.
Black-breasted crow-wing
gipsy-faced red.
2. Black-breasted reds, do. - <
Furnesses.
| Polecats.
( Brown-breasted or ginger
reds. ;
Pheasant-breasted red.
Blotch-breasted reds.
( Duns.
| Blue duns.
4. Duns, do. - - - - -2 Red duns.
Smoky duns.
| Yellow duns.
¢Black-breasted birchen
duck-wings. ;
Brown-breasted ginger
duckwings. .
Black-breasted _ berry
birchen duckwings.
Marble-breasted greys.
Turkey-breasted greys.
Clear mealy greys.
\ Black-breasted greys.
3. Brown-breasted reds, mal
5. Duchwings, do. - -<
FERGUSON ON FOWL. .
VARIETIES, SUB-VARIETIES.
Black-breasted yellows.
Grey-breasted do.
Black-breasted yellow
birchen.
6. Yellows, including - -
r Blood-wing piles.
Yellow piles.
7. Piles, 5 tel Streaky piles.
Dun piles.
Spangled.
L Cuckoos.
Lig ins Ba Ect Whites.
Whites.
Brown-breasted reds, &c.
: Blacks.
Brown-breasted reds, &c.
9. Indian Game, do.
10. Hennies or Hencocks, do.
ll. Muffs and Tassels.
Cross-breeds.
* Shakebags.”
To avoid iteration, no mention is here made of those
particulars described under the head “ characteristics of
the entire class,” but merely the colour of their respective
feathery suits, in connexion with exceptional peculiarities.
BLACKS.
Blacks.—Some have imagined the black Game fowl of
impure descent, but supposition being the groundwork of
that belief, and no argument or evidence in its support
being adduced, the exposition of this fallacy by such means
is rendered unnecessary-
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 241
The purely black bird is very scarce, but of peculiar
beauty, possessing the characteristics of this noble family
in full repletion, in connexion with a retired class of plu-
mage of contrasting excellence.
Lo be regarded perfect in feather, neither sex should
exhibit ought of a coloured or white tint in any part of
their attire, which must be of a rich and lustrous binelt the
tail full and of similar metallic hue.
A partial and advantageous relief is afforded by the
crimson face and throat, the full sparkling and heroic ex-
pression of their prominent ocular members, and the
coloured portion of their pedal limbs, which latter are
yellow or deep olive, but sometimes black.
‘It is a difficult matter to procure genuine birds of unal-
~ loyed black feather, and when obtained it will be found that
the male offspring for the most part possess the yellow
barred wings of the “ brassy-wing ;” this partly accounts
for their scarcity.
Brassy-wings.—Many specimens bearing the name, but
devoid of sufficient semblance to this breed to entitle them
to its appellative, are frequently injudiciously recognised as
such—whereas, birds with the slightest colouring in neck,
saddle-hackle, or back, should be excluded. Only such as
possess yellow barred wing-coverts, in connexion with an
uniform jetty black plumage throughout, are entitled to be
regarded as belonging to this sub-variety; seeing the
former cannot be bred from pure blacks without admixture,
whilst it is too well known the latter are frequently gene- _
rated from them.
They are in every respect similar to the blacks, with the
exception of the yellow barred wing-coverts, the colour of
beak and legs equally varying as in those birds. The
development of the yellow bars is but partial in stags,
4
242 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
but after the second or third moult becomes strongly
marked. ‘The hens are not thus distinguished, but resem-
ble the blacks of the same sex in plumage and general
appearance.
With the exception of the “ brassy-wing,” we consider
no bird with the slightest colour of red or orange in the
hackles, back, or wing-coverts, should be regarded as
belonging to this variety. However dark may be the
orange in those parts, or however slight its presence, all
such must rank not as blacks but as black-reds, and
according to their depth of shade, extent of colour, and
other particulars, so must receive nomination in that
variety; we have, therefore, classified the “ polecat” and
the “ furness ” as varieties of the black-red.
BLACK-BREASTED REDS.
Lord Derbys or “ Knowsley breed” are considered the
most select strain in the country, having been carefully
kept at Knowsley upwards of a century. In shape and
general conformation they resemble the “ characteristics of
the entire class.”
The colours of the male, as described by Mr. Roscoe,
are—
Face—bright red.
Neck-hackle—deep orange.
Uppermost neck-hackle, near throat, still deeper in its hue.
Saddle-hackle—rich orange-red, shading off towards
extremities.
Back—rich dragon’s blood.
Breast and thighs—clear black.
Lesser wing-coverts—maroon.
Greater wing-coverts—light dragon’s blood, barred at
extremities with steely blue. .
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GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 243
_ Primary wing feathers—bay, with black shafts.
Tail—full and black, glistening with metallic lustre.
The shape and make of the hen conforms to the already
_ advanced requisites of the male, allowing for the differential
sex. ‘The plumage varies from a straw tint to a partridge-
brown. Neck-hackle feathers, bright yellow and of consi-
derable depth of tint towards the approach of the throat;
the web pale brown or black, but in some instances white ;
saddle and wing-coverts of a rich straw or partridge-brown;
primary wing feathers black; tail black, tinged with deep
bay ; breast clean roan or fawn, shading off towards the
vent, which is of an ashy hue; beak, shanks, toes, and nails,
white. In some hens may be observed a fine bright hair, run-
ning longitudinally through the centre of each feather of the
entire suit, more especially in the wing-coverts and breast.
The breast of the cock should exhibit no trace whatever of
a brown feather, a clear coal black being regarded the
handsomest and purest breastplate he can present. When
clear, it forms a most striking relief to the eye, rendering
the entire plumage rich, but toning down the otherwise
gaudy suit to a subdued but splendid combination of
handsomest hues, and a harmonious blending of richest
shades. —
The peculiar features of the Knowsley breed consist of
grey or daw eyes, as in the jack-daw, white beak, feet,
and claws, and one or more partly white or grizzled
feathers in the pinion. ‘These appearances may be
more distasteful to some than pleasing to others; but,
whatever the fancy in respect to the eyes and feet, the ©
discolorations in the pinions must be considered foul marks,
which considerably deteriorate from purity of feather in
any uniformly coloured breed. Whites, Piles, Yellows,
Duckwings, Spangled, &c., &c., may have white pinion
eee ten tener RE SR A SE = open
beets: = a eas — a
244 _- FERGUSON ON FOWL
feathers—but Blacks or Reds should exhibit no semblance
to white or grey in any part of their plumage, if perfection
‘1 feather be the standard. But pugilistic qualifications,
resolute courage, valour, shape, make, and its accompani-
ments agility and strength, and elegance of deportment,
may be centred as much in birds of mixed and unsettled
hues as in those of uniform feather. The merits of the
Knowsley breed are unquestionable, and its prowess unsur-
passable; one bird of this strain has been known, not
exceptionally, to bring down two and sometimes three of
his foes, and, according to well authenticated record, no less
than seven upon one occasion fell before the hero of the
night. Excepting the one particular before described,
their plumage is of extreme excellence. ;
Specimens possessing yellow legsare usually more brilliant
and showy in their plumage than such as exhibit shanks of
a deeper hue. Olive tinted pedal joints are most esteemed,
and it must be acknowledged the peculiarly finished appear-
ance of this ground renders the possessor at once strikingly
unique and equally refined. Dark blues are by some
regarded as of hardest and strongest bone, whilst light: blue
or white but weakly in this respect. Yellow an indubitable
criterion of breed, but black of rather questionable purity.
These opinions will, doubtless, be entertained and fostered
by some, but the fact is an equal number of first-rate birds
may be found of each sort, thereby rendering this feature
no criterion of quality or strain. The old truism of blue and
yellow originating green is equally applicable with respect
to these birds ; for blue and yellow-legged specimens when —
bred together, frequently generate olive-shanked progeny,
and white with dark blue produce pale blues. ~ ‘1
The term “ ginger-winged” is but the distinction applied
to birds in which the primary feathers of the wings are of
|
|
|
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 245
that hue—are more frequently exhibited in light yellow-
legged specimens, whilst crow-wings or black-wings are
- usually found in birds of the darkest strains, or in
such as exhibit considerable depth of ink stains in the
hackles.
‘The term “ gipsy-face” is sufficiently described by its
appellative to require any lengthened definition. Dark
strains are occasionally thus faced. (See characteristics of
the entire class. ) .
Furnesses are not allied to the Piles with which they are
frequently confounded. No white should be visible through-
out the feathery suit of the true Furness, whilst it forms
one of the component colours in the plumage of the Pile.
They are placed with the Blacks by some, but in that
variety no bird possessing the smallest amount of red is
admissible, they must, therefore, belong to the black-red
variety, in which we consider they have rightful claims
of recognition. Black-reds are not bound to any shade of
red but range from orange-red, or as the name indicates,
to black-red, there is, therefore, no extension of the term
by their connexion.
The male Furness possesses a black-breast and body with
red saddle feathers, is slightly marked in neck-hackle and
wing-coverts with a similar hue, varying in extent in dif-
ferent specimens. The hen is of uniform black, save in the
neck-hackle, which is of a golden yellow, with deep ink
stains extending longitudinally throughout the feather.
Legs and beak black.
Polecats are very similar to the last-mentioned, but the
male possesses an increased extent of red ofa lighter shade,
whilst the plumes of the female are occasionally tinged
with deep brown, and neck-hackle feathers edged with alight
golden hue. The “ gipsy-face” is most usually exhibited —
246 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
both in these birds and in the Furness, with its accompani-
ments the black beak, legs, and toes.
BROWN-REDS.
The brown-breasted or ginger-reds are frequently the
hardiest, closest, and finest in feather of the entire family,
but their plumage is not usually so brilliant as the black-
reds. The brown-red breast, although beautiful in itself,
affords but little relief to the eye when compared with the
coal black frontispiece of those birds. The general colours
of the plumage of the brown-reds are in other respects
similar. .The hen is usually of a rich partridge feather,
possessing light maroon breast and black tail, and fre-
quently surpassing the black-red hen’s in richness of
plumage.
Partridge-breasted reds are not dissimilar, but present the
breast of the partridge in a beautiful degree; the hens
are moreover of a very rich feather, and exhibit the same
peculiar markings in a reduced scale throughout.
Blotch-breasted reds are too well described by an appro-
priate cognomen to require definition, being similar to the
brown-reds in body and general plumage. ‘The breast
feathers are very irregular, and comprise black and brown
in unequal proportion, as would be suggested by the
admixture of the brown and black varieties, having pre-
viously been domiciled select for many years.
DUNS.
We are compelled to differ not only with the Rev. Mr.
Dixon, to whom we owe much respect, but with our con-
temporaries respecting this fowl. Mr. Dixon distinguishes |
it by a separate chapter—this, we think, answers no
purpose. But as chapters are mere divisions of matter, —
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GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 247
and matter but description, we make no further com-
ment; otherwise to deprive a fowl of its connexions, and
renew its acquaintance with none, might prove as confus-
ing to the general student as depressing in its ultimate
effects to progressive classification. Ifthe dun fowl belongs
not to the Game, in which class shall we place it? By
itself in isolation? This we cannot acquiesce in, or upon
a similar plea the Duckwing and several other varieties
might claim their respective bills for separation, thus pre-
fixing confusion to intricacies without an equal amount of
probability of realizing the slightest advantage.
The dun fowl is unquestionably a variety of the Game,
and proves himself so by the surest of all expedients and
the most certain of all tests with which we are ac-
quainted. He is no less pugnaciously disposed when his
opponent, heeled with the tryig piercing metal, rushes
furiously upon him in the pit, and capable of enduring,
without the slightest indications of distress, all the tortures
to which he is there subjected.
We pronounce him without hesitation a Game fowl, as
evinced by his courage, actions, disposition, shape, quality
of feather, and general conformity to the entire class, and
the regularity with which the offspring assume the charac-
teristics of the breed in quality and disposition.
Our contemporaries describe the blue dun fowl as though
red or orange formed a component part of the colour of his
plumage, this is erroneous. Those which thus exhibit
other hues than dun are respectively distinguished by
appropriate terms as red or yellow Duns, &c., which
indicate the peculiar shade or admixture of tint.
The dun fowl of both sexes should be of uniform
silvery slate blue or leaden colour, including the breast and
wings which are without the slightest admixture of red or
948 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
yellow. Neck-hackle in both sexes somewhat darker.
Legs usually dark blue. Head beautifully finished and
small. Comb and face of a dark complexion. Purely
feathered birds are exceedingly scarce, and the colour is a
novelty ; but are we justified in substituting birds which
are not in exact conformity with the standard of excellence
to imake up the deficiency? We think not. However
unattainable that degree of excellence hitherto recognised
as our standard, no less should our endeavours extend to
encircle its path. 3
In the black varieties of Game no white should be exhi-
bited, or they are placed but as sub-varieties.
In the white specimens no black or red, or they require
a defining term.
In the black-breasted red no white should be perceptible.
Tn like manner in the dun, if red or yellow be exhibited
a further distinction is necessary in the form of a prefatory
appellative.
Red duns are of striking beauty, and the proceeds of a_
judicious admixture of the blue dun and black-breasted red
(Game). The male possesses the blue dun body and thighs
of the blue Dun, interspersed in some specimens with a
greater or less degree of brown or red; the clear dun
breast, however, is most in esteem. Neck and saddle-
hackles of a bright orange, with light dun shafts; saddle
and wing-coverts of a rich blood colour, shading off into a
light orange or golden tint ; flight feathers reddish brown;
tail dark dun, sometimes approaching black, mterspersed
with grey or grizzle. ‘The hen. should be of an entire
silvery dun throughout, save in the neck-hackle which is of
a golden orange with deep dun stains. In some a very
light slate blue predominates, whilst others exhibit a deep
leaden tinted plumage. (See illustrations. )
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GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 249
Smoky duns are very similar in plumage, but of a deeper
and duller shade in both sexes.
Yellow duns ave extremely beautiful, and in general
plumage resemble the birchen yellows save in the breast,
belly, thighs, vent, tail, and points of wings, which are dun
or a mixture of maroon and dun; the neck, saddle-hackles,
and wing-coverts, being of the various shades of orange;
the web of the neck-hackle is invariably light dun; legs and
clawsusually light olive or yellow. The hen is less attractive,
frequently exhibiting tints which require a considerable
extension of depth to become uniform or settled in their
appearance.
DUCKWINGS |
Are considered by many the most beautiful of the entire
family. The males present a combination of delicately
shaded plumes, varying in richness from the palest straw to
the richest orange. The entire class are distinguished by
a steely green iridescent bar extending across the larger
wing-coverts, in connexion with cream coloured primary
wing feathers as exhibited in the Mallard duck, from which
they derive nomination.
Blach-breasted duckwings form a most striking but pleas-
ing contrast when compared with the more highly coloured
varieties. The breast, belly, thighs, vent, and tail of the
male should be of a clear coal black, the latter full and of
decided hue, but shining with green metallic lustre;
the neck and saddle-hackles vary from a light straw to a
rich orange, shading towards extremities into the palest
canary colour; wing-coverts, from a rich orange to a deep
chocolate, are of a decided hue, and harmoniously blend
with the entire suit; larger wing-coverts edged with the
lustrous bar already alluded to; legs and toes yellow or
i Seen nn SS SS
250 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
pale olive. A healthy coloured visage is of immense
advantage, and adds greatly to their beauty. The hen
should be of a settled and uniform feather, varying in dif-
ferent specimens from a mouse colour to a greyish straw,
with silver pencilled neck-hackles, light red or maroon
breast, and black tail tinted with greyish specks. (See
illustrations. )
Black-breasted birchen ducks are extremely hardy, and of
peculiar wiry feather. The general ground varies from a
pale yellow to a birchen tint; breast, belly, thighs, and vent
coal black; hackles yellowish grey with black ink stains;
wing-coverts of a deep straw or orange; tail black. The
hen is usually of a light grey, tinted with birchen, with
silver neck-hackle stained with black pencillings ; breast
light maroon; tail black, tinted with grey ; legs, toes, and
beak yellow; nails white.
Brown-breasted ginger ducks possess brown breasts in
connexion with the general feather characterizing the pre-
viously described birds, but somewhat of a warmer tint,
more especially in the coverts. The hen is likewise some-
what darker.
Marble-breasted greys possess for the most part but little
of a brighter hue than grey throughout their feathery suit.
The hackles, saddle, and wing-coverts being of that colour,
comprising various shades; breast streaky and resembling
light marble in its character. Hens are in full conformity
with their mates, and exhibit similar peculiar markings in
the breast.
Turkey-breasted greys. —Saving the resemblance the
breast of both sexes bear to the common Turkey they
differ in no respect from the previously described birds.
Clear mealy greys are of an entire grey suit including the
hackles and wing-coverts, and exhibit no pretension to a
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 251
yellow or brighter tint in any part of their body. Legs,
beak, and toes pale yellow.
Black-breasted greys.—'The male possesses a clear black
breast which gives a finished appearance to the entire suit.
The hen exhibits a pale maroon frontispiece; in other
respects but slight differences are perceptible between them
and the former.
YELLOWS.
Yellow specimens are occasionally met with approaching
a dark cinnamon hue, but devoid of the steely iridescent
bar at the extremity of larger wing-coverts which distin-
guishes the duckwinged breed, although of similar plu-
mage. This deficiency necessarily renders them yellows and —
not duckwings, seeing the very peculiarity exhibited in the
latter, and from which their name is derived, being absent;
the adaptation of that typical term is at once incorrect.
Black-breasted yellows.—The male possesses a clear coal
black breast, thighs, and tail, and dark cinnamon plumage.
Hen light buff throughout, with yellow legs.
Grey-breasted yellows are similar in plumage, with the
exception of the breast, which is grey as the name implies.
The hen conforms to the general hue of the male. |
Black-breasted yellow birchen ave similar to the black-
breasted yellows in character and general colour of plumage
in both sexes, but resemble the birchen in depth of tint.
Some, however, run streaky in the breast. The hens are
of an entire dark plumage, tinted with grey throughout,
and neck-hackle edged with silvery white.
PILES.
All birds, whether belonging to the Game or any other
class, possessing white as a component colour of their
“252 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
feathery suits, are termed “ Piles,” of which there are
several varieties, as hereafter described. Unfortunately
they have received nomination from mere local distinctions
or peculiar incidents connected with domestication, instead
of their respective attributes. Hence we have the Cheshire,
Staffordshire, and Worcestershire Piles, which are ina-
dequate distinctions. Why not call the former blood-wing
Piles as indicative of facts, and the casual observer, by
making use of his ocular nerves, would be enabled to identify
them, seeing the wing-coverts of the male are of that colour?
We have no more reason for calling the Pile varieties by
geographical phrases than the black-breasted reds, which
are nominated as they should be from visible characteristics.
We opine that all such narrow terms should henceforth
give place to judicious and recognisable appellatives, and
such as would at once be suggested to an observer as ap-
propriate. For Staffordshire Piles we propose the substi-
tution of yellow Piles, seeing those parts, which in the
blood-wing Piles are red, are in those yellow. Worcester-
shire Piles should give place to dun Piles, as bemg thus
tinted throughout the entire feather. Ambiguous local terms
must necessarily engender controversies, since Cheshire
Piles may be bred at Worcester, or the Staffordshire birds
at Chester, or any other locality. We trust, therefore,
further disputes will not arise whilst a remedy so patent,
without being patented, is at hand.
Blood-wing Piles.—In the male the breast, belly, thighs,
and tail, are white, with a few maroon feathers interspersed ;
a perfectly white breast 1s preferable, but seldom if ever
to be obtained. Neck-hackle bright orange, with white
shafts. Saddle and wing-coverts of a deep golden dragon’s
blood, the latter barred with clear white; saddle-hackle
shading off into a pale canary yellow. The hen varies
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 253
from a clear white to a bright cream, with neck-hackles and
“wing-coverts slightly edged with yellow. Breast robin-
shaded, usually termed “ robin-breasted,” but varying in
depth of shade in different specimens.
Yellows are marked with pale lemon yellow in those parts
in which the blood-wing Pile is red; are frequently found
- possessing perfectly white breasts. The boris 3 not unusually,
are purely white throughout. :
Streaky Piles are in both sexes irregularly marked with
black and red in hackle and tail, and possess unsettled
brown and red hues, indiscriminately extended throughout
the plumage.
Dun or blue Piles.—In the male black, white, and blue
tints, are perceptible in the hackles and tail. The hens are
irregularly shaded or tinted with dun. Legs usually olive
or yellow.
Spangled Piles plainly indicate their origin, and their
appropriate nomination renders minute description unneces-
sary. A spangled or speckled plumage predominates
throughout the entire suit of both male and female, whilst
the former possesses a larger amount of yellow and maroon
than the latter.
Cuchoos resemble the Dorkings of that name in the
character of their plumage, each feather being marked
with three or four bars of grey, ade or black, upon a
white ground.
WHITES.
Whites or Smocks are very beautiful, and of exquisite
delicacy of plumage—should be purely white and of un-
stained feather in both sexes; beak, legs, toes, and nails,
white, olive, or yellow. In general conformity they differ
in no respect from the entire class. They are very liable
254 - FERGUSON ON FOWL.
to break into Piles, and generate Pile offspring, especially
where admixture is most recent. Their general feather,
although hard and firm, compared with other fowls, is
inferior in this respect to the coloured Game varieties.
INDIAN BREEDS.
The genuine Indians are not near so handsome in shape
and make as the English Game, possessing a heavy and
comparatively clumsy appearance, in connexion with very
coarse features. Latterly British Game of first quality of
the several varieties have been liberally exported thence,
thereby rendering it possible that those very specimens,
now received from that quarter as Indians, are the direct
proceeds of an admixture of English blood. — It is evident
those beautiful white specimens, latterly exhibited as
Indians, were vastly superior to anything of the sort pre-
viously seen in plumage, shape, carriage, and general
conformation. !
The brown-breasted reds are similar in plumage to the
British brown; likewise the many other varieties resemble
our breed in the character of their respective ~ suits,
but are wanting in that elegant and finished outline
which renders the genuine English birds so exquisitely
unique, and the beau ideal of primary and uncontaminated
descent. ;
HENNIES OR HENCOCKS
Are thus nominated from the striking semblance the
plumage of the male bears to the females. Both neck and
saddle-hackles being but little more developed, with tail
almost as straight and spare, and equally devoid of sickle
feathers. They are a select breed, and generate their kind
in form and feather with regularity and precision. Are
GAME FOWL VARIETIES. 255
equally pugnacious, and no less determinate in conflict than
the more masculinely plumed varieties.
Blacks are of an entire black feather in both sexes, but
occasionally exhibit the bar of yellow in the wing-coverts
as in the brassy-wings.
Black and brown-breasted reds resemble the Knowsley |
breed in the colour of their plumage, but being spare are
necessarily less brilliant.
Yellows are another variety of this desetiptiars and of
a light buff in both male and female.
MUFFS AND TASSELS .
Are usually of a brown-red class of plumage, the former
possess a beard extending round the throat. The tassels
are without that appendage, but derive their name from the
presence of a few long head feathers projecting from the
back of the comb as in the crested fowls, but not erect.
Comb and face usually purple; iris deep rich hazel. A
breed termed tasselled muffs have been produced from the
breeding together of the two. These three strains are
usually extremely savage, petulant, and spiteful, and no
less pugnacious in the pit. Had their metal not been proved
by repeated trials, I should have ranked them amongst the
mongrelled race without hesitation. But, although not thus
adventurous, I cannot allow the opportunity to pass without
advancing my opinion that they are not of pure origin, but
the issue of a remote admixture with that class of birds,
resembling them in their throat and head appendages,
and from which they thus obtain a hereditary feature.
- Repeated importations for successive ages of genuine
blood may have eradicated the deteriorating effects upon
their metal, produced by a cross of so foreign a fowl,
whilst the material feature may still have remained, see-
256 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ing the breeder usually preserves such as exhibit the
fullest development.
SHAKEBAGS, OR DUKE OF LEEDS FOWL
Are now supposed extinct, that is the peculiar breed which
gaye rise to the name are no longer recognised. His grace
the Duke of Leeds, a devoted fancier, produced from the
Malay cock and Game hen, birds of wonderful pugnacity,
and their prodigious size and herculean strength rendered
them unrivalled in the annals of the cocking registry. He
invariably brought them to the pit in bags, and previous to
their release challenged them against any that could be
produced. Specimens produced from a similar cross are
now reared, and, as a matter of course, equally deserve the
name of Shakebags, if that term indicates characteristics,
if not, such as reveal their hybredism would be more ap-
propriate. They are unquestionably a very noble and
magnificent fowl, and occasionally specimens may be seen
devoid of those awkward bearings of the Malay, but uniting
its size and power, with a fair share of the Game fowl’s con-
formity, contour, and elasticity of motions. The general
run, however, stand higher and heavier on the leg than the
Game, joined with an awkward bearing much at variance
with the required standard of the British aristocracy. If
the blood of the Malay be genuine their courage is undying,
and their rivals to be looked for. The issue of the Malay
hen, when bred with the Game cock, is not usually so suit-
able for the purposes of the pit, proving less active. The
affinity between mother and son being stronger than exists
between father and son. ‘This holds good with all the
Game varieties; if the hen be not genuine, worthless are the
progeny, more especially the males. I would much rather
breed from the issue of a genuine hen and mongrel
.GAME FOWL—CROSS BREEDS. 257
cock, than such as. were generated from a mongrel hen and
true-bred cock. Be it observed, however, I would not
depend very much upon the good conduct or regularity of
either; and, apart from decided disproval of all species of
gambling, I would never think of exposing even a cent to
the perilous position consequent upon the chances of their
signal success, or precipitate flight, but would anticipate the
latter as inevitable. A remark which is equally applicable
for all the varieties I cannot refrain from making mention.
Although the true bred bird is of undying resolution, and
exhibits invincible powers under the most painful and dis-
tressing circumstances conceivable; if he be unwell, or
suffering severely from disease, when first introduced to
his antagonist, he will frequently have sufficient sense to
prefer deferring the engagement until some more suitable
occasion. If in good bodily health, when placed before his
foe, he never turns tail, even though limbs be mutilated ;
but if struck in the testicles, he, too, will falter, and the
attitude of the fleeting fugitive will succind to that of the
noble chanticleer.
SELECTION OF STOCK FOR BREEDING PURPOSES.
A judicious selection of specimens for propagation is of
_ the utmost import. Whichever be the variety, care must be |
taken that their characteristics are in strict comformity with
the already advanced standard of excellence, and obtained
from a hereditary source. In the Game hen this becomes
peculiarly imperative. (See page 256).
We have already enumerated tested facts at pages 31,
74, 104, and 172, and expedients which are equally requisite
in the successful breeding of Game fowls. A summary of
importances may thus be adduced.
Pullets should never be mated with stags, but with two
Q
258 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
or three-year old: cocks, and hens of the same age with
stags.
For breeding Game birds high and vigorous, the male’s
prolific mates should be limited to four, whilst several in
addition, non-simultaneously productive, may be allowed
with impunity. The senior male bird prefers select society,
as evinced in his irritability of temperament towards some,
but affable and decorous demeanour towards his favourites.
At the’ expiration of his fourth year he should be dis-
missed the breeder’s stud, or be allowed but one hen, and
that but for the ensuing season.
Great care should be taken that specimens mated together
match well in plumage. A white feather in a coloured bird
is necessarily a foul mark, and if once admixed its eradica-
tion becomes most difficult. I feel confident that the more
artistic the nicety of calculation bestowed in selecting tints
which harmonize in shadow, the more beautiful the progeny
will prove.
Relationary breeding must ever be avoided, more espe-
cially the consanguinity necessary resulting from brother
and sister being matched.
Infusions of fresh blood must be effected in the form
of an occasional introduction of a model male bird with the
hens, or fresh pullets with the finest family male about
every other year.
The blood thus imported must be of first-rate quality,
or its postponement becomes necessitated until such can be
produced.
A pedigree should be kept describing the several admix-
tures to which the breed has been subjected.
In breeding blacks it becomes advantageous to mark the
chicks, which, when first excluded from the shell, are of the
deepest black. Although they may ultimately become no
BREEDING GAME FOWLS, _ 259
further distinguished for a handsome and settled plumage
than the rest, I have been enabled, by observation and
experiment, to discover that more dependance can be
placed upon their offspring in this respect, than in the pro-
geny of such as are first attired in a dull suit.
Furnesses, Polecats, and black-breasted crow-winged Reds,
- are frequently produced from the admixture of Blacks with
the Black-reds.
Blotch-breasted Reds from Black and Brown-reds.
Red Duns from blue Duns and Black or Brown-reds.
Smoky Duns from blue Duns and Blacks.
_ Yellow Duns from Dunsand yellow Birchens or Duckwings.
Brown, streaky, and marble-breasted Ducks, from the
various blendings of mixed Brown-reds and Duns with
Duckwings. ~
Blood-wing Piles from Whites and two or three admix-
tures with Black or Brown-reds. |
Yellow Piles from the same source, but having sufficient
mingling with the Reds to tinge, but not to colour.
Spangles from irregular admixtures with the Blacks,
~ Whites, and Reds.
Dun Piles from the Dun and Pile. —
Tasselled-muffs from the union of the Tassels and Muffs,
as denoted by an appropriate appellative.
I do not here intend to convey the idea that the varieties
which, when admixed with others, produce this, that, or
the other feathered progeny, are themselves of a primary
order of plumage, but merely that this recent blending of
select breeds is capable of immediately producing such as
I have described.
GAME CHICKS.
It may be necessary to observe that the legs of all the
260 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
varieties, including the white and olive, but excepting the
black or dark blues, vary from a pale to a decided yellow,
when first excluded from the shell; although a few weeks
are ample to denote their constitutional hue. The chicks
of the black varieties, we have already had occasion to
notice (but for the completion of the list, once again repeat),
vary from a coal-black to a brown-black, and are marked
with white on the face, breast, and wings.
Blacks and brown-reds are of a rich brown maroon hue,
possessing three deeper parallel stripes running longitudin-
ally down the centre of the back, from the head to the extre-
mity; occasionally a narrower mark over the eye is percep-
-tible. These stains disappear as the chicks advance in growth.
Duns are of a deep tinted grey, but the darkest strains
are frequently black or chestnut-brown, marked with
white, as in the blacks.
Duckwings deep orange, with three darker stripes extend-
ing down the back, as in the reds, but not so intense.
Fellows of a still lighter hue. |
Piles principally white or cream, but depending upon the
peculiar variety or sub-variety to which they belong:
Whites of a pure white, but sometimes tinted with pale
cream.
The chicks of the Indian breed, also the hennies, mufis,
and tassels, semble the progeny of the other varieties of
the same feather; that is the brown-red Indians, muffs,
and tasselled chicks, assimilate the brown-red of the true
English breed.
The chicks of the entire class are robust and of vigorous
constitution; they moreover feather very rapidly, but being
small, careshould be taken thatthey are fedinsmall quantities,
but with frequency. Being very hearty consumers for their
size, whilst young, if after fasting a liberal supply be afforded,
BREEDING GAME FOWLS. 261
indigestion may ensue, as engendered by excessive reple-
tion. Whatever confinement mature fowls are capable of
enduring, it becomes equally evident, until full grown, such
must prove very deteriorating in its effects. For other par-
ticulars connected with feeding and rearing chicks—(see
Parts III. and IV., from page 112.)
The month of March may be regarded the most suitable
for their exclusion. The mother is a most tender, watchful,
and careful manager of her progeny, and capable of pro-
tecting them against the trying effects of a varying tem-
perature in almost all its severity if but bare means be
afforded. No more than eight should be allowed her if
prime quality be desired ; seven or eight fine sturdy chicks
being of far more value than twice that number of ordi-
naries. The first ailment to which they are usually sub-
jected arises from their pugnacious propensities being
indulged in. Whilst yet but a few weeks old, still pro-
tected by one common parent, and equally requiring her
guardian care, their little beaks and pedal limbs are raised
against each other for offensive and defensive warfare. -
The determination which they exhibit in these sanguinary
engagements is surprising. But the first revolution over,
and the various degrees of authority settled, the principal
difficulty is overcome, for each little man knows his several
masters, and humbles himself at their approach. But
where many broods are confined together, the first affray
must necessarily result in the loss of some—each bird having
as many battles to dispute as there are males, unless the van-
quished shun the presence of his friends of untried strength
until recovered from his wounds. When reared together,
it is far the wisest plan to allow them to settle their
differences without resorting to temporary separation, as
that is but adding strength to combativeness, and rendering
262 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
all such capable of protracting the campaign, over a
considerable period of time, upon their return. The best
method is to assist, in each skirmish, the one most
likely to vanquish, by buffeting his opponent with a cloth
until he be “cowed.”. Although slight after differences
will arise, they are not likely to be so frequent as would be
the case if the weaker, upon the ground of his inability to
exercise such authority as the stronger, were chosen as the
victor. These after differences are not fought for, with the
same amount of determination or injury to the comba-
tants as the first general appeal to arms, seeing the heart
once overcome requires time to be restored, especially where
the master is in constant sight, and memory lasting. The
old stock bird exhibits a distaste for petty strife, and soon
disperses the juvenile chanticleers which are thus engaged.
Tt is the practice of all breeders of quality to mark the
chicks, when but a few days old, with their own stamp of
recognition, in case of larceny or temporary loss. The
readiest method of effecting this is by clippmg small
peculiarly shaped piece of web from between certain toes.
A pair of sharp scissors will accomplish it in an instant,
inducing no more pain than that produced upon the human
subject by the prick of a pin.
When five or six months old, the operation of dubbing
is best performed, that is the amputation of the comb.
The gills and ear-lobes are better left for a month later.
This mutilation may at first glance appear inhuman, but it
isnecessary for the preservation of the bird. A straggling
foe at one time or other is almost sure to cross his path,
when these appendages if not curtailed are sadly in the way,
forming a hold for his antagonist for inflicting deadly mis-
chief; but, in the event of his foe being disabled, lasting
proofs of the skirmish are evinced by their irrecoverably
BREEDING GAME FOWLS. 263
torn and shattered condition. The comb may readily be
removed by making a slight incision at the back near the
skull when one dexterous pull should complete the operation.
By this means it may be momentarily effected, but not
always sufficiently artistic to give unqualified satisfaction.
For this reason a pair of sharp clipping scissors are best
adapted for the purpose, and with which it may be per-
formed in almost an equally short space of time. To stop
the flow of blood from the wound the application of the
fluff of a feather, or a layer of cobwebs suffices. A good
bird seldom evinces the slightest pain by any effort at
release during the operation, nor raises his voice against its
performance. We do not propose explaining the surgical
operation, considering a personal attestation absolutely
necessary to his skilful and humane performance. The
imperious air exhibited in the breed is greatly heightened
by the absence of the comb, and becomes considerably
increased after the removal of the gills and ear-lobes.
Where many birds are bred, and a select breed main-
tained, it is usual for the owners to obtain a few country
grass walks for several of their male birds as soon as trim-
med. For this purpose a friendly farmer will, for the sum
of 2s. 6d. or 3s. per annum, place a few birds at separate
runs, from whence they may be removed when required,
by the substitution of another and the payment of the fee.
An occasional loss of a fine specimen must not discourage,
being fully compensated for in the superior accommodation
afforded, without which the continued maintenance of the
strain would become dubious.
The same distinctive appellatives, made use of to denote
the particular age of either male or female, hold good with
every class and variety of poultry, to mention which would
be but an iteration of remarks contained in page 136.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
AS FARM STOCK.
Fancy versus Profit.
It is a well attested fact that Game fowls will not flou-
rish in large quantities, seeing males sufficient for rendering
many hens prolific will ever be at variance, and manifest
intense jealousy at the courtesy paid the fair sex, both by
superior and subordinate companions. The best method is
to rear a brood of fresh blood, and introduce the finest
male birds of that brood to the hens. The former never
having been separated are settled in their relative positions
of rank, and likely to remain so if not interfered with or
disturbed by some general outbreak consequent upon
the presence of a stranger—when the previously master
cock, after being slightly bedaubed with blood, will be
no longer recognised by his subordinates, and disastrous
consequences will inevitably succeed. But apart from such
casualties, where many chicks are reared for the market,
Game blood is not admissable, for a general civil war
amongst the juveniles of the poultry yard would be the
means of retarding their progress considerably, and render-
ing a loss rather than a gain the probable result. The
ardent temperament of the hens, too, would be a source of
much trouble, if domiciled in large numbers, both as re-_
gards their incubating determination and the sanguinary
conflicts in which they would doubtless be engaged with
their previous companions upon their return. Even when
but a few days have elapsed, they frequently greet their
former superiors with the air of endeavour at self-advance-
ment. Neither are their powers of production sufficiently
prodigious to make up for the great disadvantage under
which their owners would be placed by such campaigning.
And lastly, we arrive at flesh, which is unquestionably
of first-rate quality, but its natural size and weight is below
GAME FOWLS—FANCY VERSUS PROFIT. 265
mediocrity—and apart from being retarded in its develop-
ment by pugilistic encounters, the chicks are by no nieans
precocious as are the Dorkings or general farm stock.
From personal observation and kind corroborating testimony
received from all quarters bearing upon this momentous
point, I am compelled to pronounce my favourites below
that standard of national utility which would place them in
the hands of our producers for the market. :
But this confession leaves open one plea which I must
advance in their behalf. If they be not collectively the
most profitable subjects for the farm, they possess character-
istics which rank far higher in the scale, than such whose
greatest charms render them but fit subjects for the satis-
faction of animal exigencies. Features they exhibit which
excite our most enthusiastic admiration, and our closest
study. The death of the spit is neither honourable nor
desirable, but to be beholden of continued generations with
the eye of satisfaction, and to claim that regard is no less
meritorious in itself than a position of acknowledged pre-
ferment. As bodies endowed with life they must necessa-
rily surpass in degree the whole range of herbs in its most
extended sense, and as mirrors of nature’s power they reflect
her’ peculiar care. ;
Stand back! compare not the senseless lily with the —
proud puissant hero of his race. The richest tint the
prickly plant unfolds—the sweetest charms the blushing
rose portrays stand far surpassed in hues by the noble
exquisitely golden amber shades of nature’s blending, which
the proud, the noble, and the valiant chanticleer dis-
_ plays—in life’s attire. His form of beauteous elegance is
wrought by nature’s finished and most skilful hand, with
care and much peculiar nicety ; his merits stand the test of
heaven’s own scrutiny.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
DISEASES.
Nature having produced so valiant and exquisite a form,
and to have peculiarly subjected it to disease would have
been somewhat irregular. She occasionally acts thus for
hidden and all-wise purposes; but the hero before us is
constitutionally subject to few ailments, and his‘hereditary
maladies are more limited than with almost any other
variety of our poultry denizens.
Cankered mouth is induced from advantagizing opportu-
nities of indulging in their pugnacious temperament, and
to which ailment they are as susceptible as opportunities
are afforded them for exercising their abilities with a rival.
Being a local ailment, the best method of affording relief
lies in thoroughly cleansing the mouth with lukewarm
water, and rubbing the parts affected with dry salt. A
little fresh blood will doubtless flow, but that is of mere
temporary importance; the application of garlic to the
wounds is moreover beneficial, or a little bread and cham-
berle may be administered for a few ensuing mornings as
a tonic. If badly struck, or internally wounded, which
may occur if his opponent be heeled with long and piercing
weapons, a teaspoonful of castor oil will much relieve him,
but resort should not be made to such medicinal remedial
measures unless the bird, appearing dull, exhibits loss of
habitual prowess.
SHOMUMAMVI CQ@ATILONAd NM ara toD
“propng po Ao pomdhersouyry
a : HISTORY OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL. 267
THE HAMBURGH FOWL.
Gatuina Turcica, on TurKisH Cock* or ALDROVANDI.
VELVET-BREECHES—BUFFON.
s
The terms Feathered+ Fowl and Everlasting Layer are moreover applied
to the entire Hamburgh class in all its varieties, but Dutch Everyday Layer
exclusively to such as are pencilled, seeing the latter alone are imported, whilst
the spangled are the result of climatic influences and domestication, and but
imperfect types of the primitive order.
HISTORY OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL.
WERE our pen confined to the natural or domesticated
history of poultry, we should, doubtless, have abnegated i=
. 3 the Hamburgh appellative as applied to this class. Ham- |
burgh appears but the medium by which they were : |
originally imported (in the way of commerce) into this |
country from Turkey, or some other eastern climate, and : |
not the mother country as usually supposed. Our |
primary object being that of recognition, whilst analysis |
holds but a secondary position, we prefer registering
errors that they may not be increased to divesting recog-
nised breeds of their appellations in the substitution of new. Ml
It is evident before poultry had commanded that amount of
attention which is now ‘studiously bestowed, distinctions
* Now more usually applied to a Bantam variety.
+ The term “ feathered” equally applies to Polands and Bamtams, the
accuracy of the markings in their plumage being the grand desideratum.
268 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
and terms were conferred at random. Amongst others,
Hamburghs, that is birds now recognised as such, were
confounded with Polands, and Polands with Hamburghs ;
and even to the present day there are several much dis-
puted points. Some of our eminent breeders consider the
real Hamburgh was a bearded fowl, and that our specimens
holding that specific name are but Dutch everyday layers.
Much as we approve rightful nomination, and confute
settling down upon the most convenient point of a contro-
versial labyrinth, we are compelled to sacrifice our opinions
when calculated to engender that which we seek to avoid.
Considerable as would be the interest connected with
analysing the original causes of applied distinctions, it
would be wholly unprofitable if introduced into the pages
of our poultry journal. To rectify past misnominations would
require a simultaneous publication of a dictionary appendix,
gratis ; and that, even if generally recognised as desirable,
would take years to become established, and ultimately
answer but an insignificant purpose. Let us rather recog-
nise our present Game birds as Game fowls, even though
they should be termed “ English,” and Malays as Malays,
Shanghaes as Shanghaes, Hamburghs as Hamburghs, and
Polish as Polish. Names are but significations of identity ;
if certain sounds are capable of transmitting required intel-
ligence they need but registry and general adoption to
answer all desirable purposes. ‘Let us not, therefore, sigh
and strain for the universal abandonment of a sound to the
substitution of another which may also orignally have
misrepresented facts—but rather be on the alert, and
permit no extension of new misnomers; let none but judi-
cious appellatives slip in, and no useful ones out,—thus will
the point of universal recognition of distinctions, which we
are all desirous of promulgating, become established.
HISTORY OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL. 269
Aldrovandus may be regarded as the primitive master of
poultry detail, although so frequently pirated and despised
in the pages of our “fowl vocabularies.” His description
of the Turkish cock and two hens is evidently that of the
Hamburghs. Without applying to the original we thank-
fully avail ourselves of the Rev. Mr. Dixon’s translation, it
being, doubtless, correct. “ ‘The cock whose likeness we
now give, is called the Turkish cock, his whole body was |
in a manner inclined to white—still the wing feathers were
partly black; the belly also was black; the tail consisted
of feathers that were partly green, partly black—some also
half green,some half black. His whole body was exquisitely
adorned with lines that were sometimes golden and some-
times silver, and it is wonderful what a beautiful effect this
produced; his legs and feet were tinged with blue. The
hen, which in like manner is called the Turkish fowl, was
all white, sprinkled over with black spots; the feet tinged
with blue; the wattles were short when compared with
those of the male. The next hen would seem the same,
except that her neck was yellowish, and she had a sharp
point on the top of her head ; her feet altogether pipe, and
an immaculate tail.”
Although he mentions “ a whole body was exquisitely
adorned with lines that were sometimes golden and some-
times silver, and itis wonderful what a beautiful effect this
produced,” it does not appear whether these lines were
exhibited on one specimen, and the amalgamation of rich hues
produced the effect alluded to, or whether some specimens
possessed the golden and others the silver markings.
Although the peculiar comb of our birds is not described,
his rude wood-cuts fully illustrate their points of identity,
and leave no doubt but that such specimens belonged to
the same class.
sant oouneatne EET eS
270. FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Buffon describes thus—“* The Hamburgh cock, called
also ‘ velvet breeches,’ from the black velvetty appearance
of his thighs, is a large stately fowl. Bill is much
pointed; iris of the eyes yellow, and the eyes enriched
with a rim of brown feathers, under which there springs
up a tuft of black feathers, covering the ears; there
are similar feathers behind the comb and below the wattles,
and round black spots on the breast. The legs and feet
are lead coloured, except the soles which are yellow.
This is a peculiar breed, which is brought over from Ham-
burgh, and is much esteemed by the curious.”
The feathers covering the ears may have been full muff-
shaped or but diminutive, as exhibited in any other variety,
but the presence of feathers behind the comb and below the
wattles, induces me to consider the Polish appendage is here
represented. These birds evidently approximated the
bearded specimens, originally called Hamburghs, rather than
such as are now recognised by that name.
Previous to the commencement of the fourteenth century
we are unable to discover, by description or portrait, whether
our present Hamburghs were generally domiciled in this
country. But Chaucer’s knowledge of the breed appears
satisfactory, his description in the “ Nonne’s Preeste’s Tale”
evidently portrays considerable similitude. He concludes
thus—
“His combe was redder than the fin corall,
Embattled as it were a castel wall ;
His bill was black, and as the jet it shone,
Like asure were his legges and his tone (toes),
His nailes whiter than the lily flour,
And like the burned gold was his colour.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL. 271
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE OF THE ENTIRE
HAMBURGH CLASS.
(All existing differences of form between the Pencilled and the is ie ee are
noticed under this head.)
Head should be short and neat in both sexes, and
perfectly exempt from topknot. ‘The head of the pencilled
variety is peculiarly well finished.
Eye full and prominent, but mild; usually very dark,
but varying in shade.
Beak very short and well curved, is of light or bluish
grey colour, but sometimes almost white.
Comb should be in both sexes of a bright coral redness,
square and of double rose character; varies in the male
from three-quarters of an inch to one inch and a quarter
in width, should be low on the head, but standing erect,
wide and evenly spiked on the surface, and terminating in
a large flattened pike curving slightly upwards, and extend-
ing considerably over the back of the head. The hen’s
should be of similar shape, but more diminutive. The
comb of the gold-spangled is usually the fullest developed,
the silver-spangled next, and that of the gold-pencilled
rather fuller than the silver-pencilled. (A single comb is
inadmissable. )
Wattles or gills rather large, full, and round, but vary
much in length.
Face small and red in the cock, but paler in the hen.
Throat.—No tuft or collection of feathers should ny
presented on the throat, face, or head.
Ear-lobe white and large compared to most fowls, whilst
very much smaller than in the Spanish, but the larger and
purer the white the more preferred. ‘The spangled variety
seldom develop this feature so purely as the pencilled.
272 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Neck slender and elegant.
Nech-hachle rather long, but close and tight.
Breast rather narrow.
Back short.
Thighs short and small boned.
Shank should be perfectly clean and free from feathers ;
are small in bone, and of blue or leaden colour, usually
darker in golden-spangled varieties.
Toes neat, and tapering towards extremities, should be
well spread ; nails almost white.
Spurs frequently rather high on the shank (no criterion).
' Wings very full: and ample, rendering the light-bodied
possessor capable of passing almost all the boundary marks.
Tail full, and carried erect; sickle feathers very long.
General figure very compact, and of beautiful symmetry,
resembling the elegance of the Game fowl more closely
that any other; the spangled are not quite so finished in
appearance.
Deportment.—The male bird carries himself very erect,
but easy and graceful; the hen is, moreover, exceedingly
sprightly ; the former stands very firm on his pedal limbs,
which are held rather closely together.
Gait gay and proud, but easy.
Crow shrill, Bantam style, but of longer duration.
Disposition.—They are impetuous, but cowardly, very
cheerful, but object to close confinement; are of gentle
habits, but if disturbed are exceedingly turbulent, and
unceasing in their cries of displeasure.
Being very prolific their acclamations of rejoicing appear
continuous, which has given them the name “ noisy fowl,”
but the truth is—one egg one song—two eggs two songs ;
if, therefore, three are laid whilst other inhabitants of our
poultry denizens are producing two, an increase of music
x
.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL. 73 |
is inevitable. It is unnecessary to add, under the circum-
stances, we greatly admire the tone of harmony these songs
afford. |
Constitution.— When fully grown they are tolerably hardy,
but not by any means vigorous. The chickens are tender,
and require more care than is usually bestowed upon the
produce of other fowls. Damp is exceedingly injurious, and
affects them severely if exposed to its detrimental influence,
whilst a run is indispensable for the well being of either
fowl or chick of this variety. (See rearing Chicks, page 286.)
feeders.—Rather small consumers.
Producers.—As egg producers they are exceedingly
prolific, and without doubt may be considered layers of a
greater aggregate number than any other known variety ;
usually commencing when from five to seven months old,and
not exceptionally continuing for nine or ten months in the
year, with little or no intermission. :
‘FAC-SIMILE OF THE “ HAMBURGH’S ” EGG.
Their egos are small and of French-white exterior,
averaging about one ounce and a half in weight, whilst those
of the golden-spangled variety about one ounce and three-
quarters.
R
274 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Incubators.—-True-bred pencilled Hamburghs rarely
evince a disposition to undertake the duties devolving upon
sncubator. The spangled, though very seldom, are rather
more inclined, but never to be depended upon.
Size.—The average size of the entire class may be con-
sidered slightly below the Game fowl standard.
Ibs. ozs. ins.
Average weight of the golden-spangled cock 5 4,height 19
ror ' hen 4 jpiich}
< silver 33 cock 5 yy wh8
= 94 FF hen 4 eoee ts
golden-pencilledcock 4 12, 17
fj is ly hen 3 12, 14
Fy silver 45 cock 4 8, 16
mr 5 s hen 3. 8; 13
Exceptional specimens may be oceasionally met with
b> | 33 oe 33
33
both exceeding the heaviest, and below the lightest weights °
mentioned.
Flesh white, delicate, and of good flavour ; rather small,
but equally so in bone.
General feather close.
VARIETIES.
There being many synonymous terms for the self-same
class of birds, considerable difficulty has hitherto existed
in the classification of its varieties. It may be necessary
to observe, that the terms or provincial* names in the right
hand column are but local distinctions or representations
of some such trivial differences as might arise m-the pro-
geny of any one pair of birds. To render the subject as
* We are much indebted to B. P. Brent, Esq., of Seven Oaks, and other
gentlemen, for their kind and invaluable corroboration upon this and
many other points.
:
HAMBURGH VARIETIES. _ 275
concise as possible, the family may be divided into four
.
main orders.
1. Pencittep HamBurGHs. 3. Lacep, HaMBURGHS.
2. SPANGLED Do. 4, Birack Do,
Provincial or synonymous terms. —
Bolton-bays.
Copper-moss.
-Golden-pencilled< Golden Dutch everyday
. layers.
Golden-pencilled Dutch.
Bolton-greys.
Silver-moss.
Prince Albert’s breed.
Silver Dutch everyday
layers.
L Silver-pencillea | Silver-pencilled Dutch.
Creole,creel, or whitenecked
Pheasant fowls.
Corals. 3
Chitteprats, Cheteprats, or
Narrowers.
1, Pencilled Hamburghs,
comprise. - sm =
, Golden- spangled
“or
Z golden - pheasant
2. Spangled Hamburghs, | fowls.*
_ comprise ~ -
Golden or red-moonies.
Red-caps.
Copper-moss.t
Silver-spangled
or Silver-moonies.
silver-pheasant ( (Silver-moss.)t
| fowls.*
3. Laced Hamburghs - Golden and silver.
4. Black Hamburghs or a
Blacks. .
blach-pheasant fowls* -.
* The term “pheasant,” as applied to this or any other variety of
domestic fowl, we disclaim, as calculated to engender false notions respect~-
ing its descent or the acceptation of that absurdity, the possible con-
nexion between it and the Pheasant—(see page 200.)
¢ The term “moss,” although occasionally applied to the mixed feathered
specimens of the spangled variety, is more particularly adapted to such
of the pencilled, either gold or silver, as exhibit dark lines resembling the ~
branches of moss in lieu of a clear white ground,
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
PENCILLED HAMBURGHS
Are divided, as already described, into two varieties, the
gold and the silver, distinguished by the colour of the
ground of their plumage. ‘The former presents a beauti-
ful bright bay, and the latter a silvery-white pencilled
feather, but in other respects are similar.
Golden-pencilled—It may be interesting to note the
trivial peculiarities incidental to the various specimens of
this variety holding synonymous terms. They are provin-
cially termed Bolton-bays from being extensively bred at
Bolton, in Lancashire, and clad in bright bay plumage.
Copper-moss when of a splashed appearance, or marked
with dark lines resembling moss branches. Golden Dutch
everyday layers from their golden feather, moreover being
imported from Holland, and proving exceedingly prolific.
Golden-pencilled Dutch from the markings or pencillings of
their feathers.
To be eligible for a first class prize, the plumage of the
Male must display the following points (for form, size,
&c., see characteristics of the entire class, to which they
must also conform):—The general ground of the body is a
bright bay or Rufus-yellow. Meck-hackle yellowish bay, but
should be destitute of dark markings. Upper wing-coverts,
saddle-feathers, breast, and thighs, pale Vandyke-brown, free
from pencillings. Tail black, or rather bronze, uppermost
edge brown, should be ample, and furnished with long sickle
feathers.
Hen.—Nech-hackle, deep ginger, and free from stain, but
can seldom be obtained so pure as the silvers. Breast,
wings, and back, brownish buff, regularly pencilled. T'az/,
rich ginger, pencilled throughout. ris, dark and full.
Legs and toes, in both sexes, slate blue.
22, Southampton st atrend.
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HAMBURGH VARIETIES. 277
Apeculiarly, unique, and finished appearance accompanies
the pencilled birds, whether golden or silver, whilst the
former are rather larger than the latter, and usually possess
i somewhat heavier combs.
Silver-pencilled alias Bolton greys from being extensively
A _. domesticated in Bolton, and presenting a feather of a grey
or silvery ground. Silver-moss if grizzled, or marked with
| lines resembling moss. Prince Alberts breed, this desig-
| nation is confined to such as are supposed to have received
I} a remote admixture of Game blood, for the purpose of
improving the shape, but are not distinguishable by any
peculiar feature. Silver Dutch everyday layers from pos-
sessing a silver plumage, being imported from Holland, and
frequently laying for many successive days. Silver-pen-
cilled Dutch from their pencilled markings. Creole, creel,
or white-necked Pheasant fowl, from being an admixture of
black and white throughout the feather, and the partial
resemblance between them and that bird. Coral from the
similarity of their comb to red coral. Chitteprats, chete- ©
| ; prats, or narrowers, the causes of these terms are s0
inconclusive as to be unworthy of notice.
| The ground of the golden-pencilled being substituted for
| a silvery-white, this very delicate and beautiful variety is
| at once described.
' Male.—The plumage of the male should be of a clear
white, and as free from stain as possible, save in wings
My and tail. Hackles and breast white. Wings evenly barred
with black dots across wing-coverts, and down extremities
of the secondary wing feathers. Zadl rather full, well
sickled, and of lustrous black, edged with bronze or silver,
shading into black, but should never appear grizzled or
splashed with white. :
Hen. Is far more extensively vee than the male,
278 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
and presents a silvery-white ground, each feather being
pencilled with three, four, and sometimes five parallel
transverse bars. Nech-lappel of clear unstained white.
Body and entire suit purely and regularly pencilled. Breast
definitely and similarly marked, but less solid. light
feathers evenly defined. Tail exhibits larger tranverse
bars, and should be marked throughout. Legs slate blue,
nails white. A mottled, mixed, streaky, or spangled
appearance in any part of the suit is decidedly objection-
able, and has given rise to the term moss, &c. In some
specimens the lower part of the breast of the hen exhibits
a creamy or white surface at the expense of the peucillings,
this we deem objectionable. . The greater the extension of
that distinctive feature “pencilling,” for which the entire
class. is peculiarly notorious, the more eligible should
such specimen be considered for the first prize award,
seeing that in the definite and full development of this
characteristic depends their interesting ornamental: and
full dress habile.
' SPANGLED HAMBURGHS.
Golden-spangled alias red-moonies from the variations of
the spangles in different specimens resembling in shape the
several phases of the moon, whilst such as semble that
luminary when full, are regarded the most perfect. ed-
caps from the extension of bright red comb which sur-
mounts their head ; the gold spangled usually possessing a
more fully developed comb than any of the other varieties.
Copper-moss from the supposed similarity existing between
confused streaks and moss branches.
Male presents a ground of deep orange-red, spangled
with greenish black. Meck and saddle-hackle bright yel-
lowish copper, marked down the centre of each feather with
HAMBURGH VARIETIES. 279
a greenish black shaft, or spangled towards the tips with a
full moon of. a similar hue—should be fringed with gold
| throughout the entire edge; secondary wing feathers evenly
if edged. Wings. marked with two. bars of rich greenish black
| spangles. Wing-coverts deep rich copper and fully spangled.
| The markings in the breast should be moon-shaped, well
.. defined and solid, and not clouded or irregular. Thighs
and belly bronzed-black. ail black, well plumed, perfectly
|| free from. grey, but deeply shaded with bronze.
| - _Hen.—Nech-hachle feathers stained with black, or span-
|
|
gled towards the extremities »as in the male, but less
| intense—edges evenly fringed with bright body ground.
i Body feathers regularly spangled throughout. Legs.and
_ toes slate blue, nails white. Occasionally adult specimens
SP
of this variety may be met with possessing clear hackles,
. but such are too exceptional to require further notice.
‘The hens of this ‘variety vary in richness of feather, many
are exceedingly handsome and of brilliant plumage; they
exceed the average of the pencilled in size, but are less
The more regular the spangles, and the closer their
conformity to the full moon in shape, the more they are
: esteemed—whilst a black breast is decidedly objectionable.
Hamburghs are carefully bred in Lancashire, Westmore-
i land, Yorkshire, and the. vicinities, but are little known in
| the more southern counties.*» We subjoin a table of
ik recognised characteristics of excellence from our northern
club’s registry.
| : Points. « Marks of feathers, &c., considered best.
I elegant and wnique.
.
;
1st—Coms . 5 : . Best double; best square; the most erect;
E and best piked behind.
* Are said to be extensively domiciled in Russia,
Bribie 22
FERGUSON ON FOWL,
Points. Marks of feathers, &c., considered best.
2nd—EAR-LOBES . : . The largest and most white
8rd—NECcK . : : . The best streaked with green-black in the
middle of the feathers; and best fringed
with gold at the edges.
4th—BreEast . , . The largest moons; best and brightest
green-black, most free from being tipped
with white or red at the end of the
moon, and the clearest and best red
from the moon to the bottom colour. .
5th—Back . , . . The largest moons; best and brightest
green-black, least tipped with white or
red at the edges of the moon, and the
best and clearest red from the moon to
the bottom colour.
6th—Roume . ‘ . The largest moons; best and brightest
green-black, least tipped with white or
red at the edges of the moon, and the
best and clearest red from the moon to
the bottom colour.
7th—Wine . : : . This is divided into four parts :—1st, Bow.
Best and brightest green-black, and best
and clearest red.—2nd, Bars. To have
two distinct bars, composed of the
largest, clearest, brightest, and best
green-black moons, and the clearest and
best red from the moon to the bottom
colour.—38rd, Flight. The clearest and
best red.—4th, The Lacing, or top of the
wing, above the flight. Largest, clearest,
brightest, and best green-black spots on
the end of the feathers, and the best and
clearest red from the spot to the bottom
colour.
8th—Tam . : ‘ . The Brightest, darkest, and best green-
black. To be full-feathered. 2
9th—LzEcs . games “33 . Best and clearest blue.
10th—GENERAL APPEARANCE The best feathered hen.
HAMBURGH VARIETIES. Bee
By substituting the word white for red or gold through-
out the table, it becomes applicable to the silver-spangled
. variety.
) We heartily recommend the general publishing of recog-
nised characteristics of excellence for the guidance of
poultry clubs; and regard it as one of the main features to
i} j be observed in the establishing of our poultry improvement
| associations. °
i Silver-spangled alias silver-moonies , and silver-moss from
} causes previously alluded to, and the substitution of a
silver ground for a golden.
Male.—The ground of the entire feather silvery white.
Neck-hackle white, but spangled towards extremity, with
moon-shaped black dots, or stained with dark shafts, run-
= ning longitudinally down the centre of each feather, thereby
exposing its beautiful white edges, w which in silver birds
are too often slightly tinged with yellow. Breast, wing-
coverts, back, and thighs are white. The breast should be
regularly and evenly spangled, with one greenish-black
moon-shaped dot at the extremity of each feather. Wing-
coverts regularly barred, with two circular rows of similarly
shaped spangles ; secondary wing feathers evenly marked
at extremities. ail black, splashed with white. An
evenly marked tail is quite exceptional, the shorter feathers,
however, should be more uniform.
Hen must be regularly and evenly spangled throughout,
including neck-hackle, back, wing-coverts; and tail. The
nech-hachle, exhibiting the white edges in each feather and.
the tail, exposing a beautiful and regular row of circular
tips at extremity. Zye full, prominent, and deep, but
mild. Shanks and feet blue in both sexes, nails white. :
The difference between the pencilled and the spangled |
consists in the freeness from markings in the hackle of |
a
282 . FERGUSON ON FOWL.
the former, the non-marked plumage of the male save in
wings and tail, and the four or five bars running parallel
_ transverse across each feather of the plumage of the female,
whilst in the spangled but one black round spot exists
I»
SY i y)
Wy,
FAC-SIMILE OF THE SILVER- FAC-SIMILE OF THE SILVER
PENCILLED FEATHER. SPANGLED FEATHER.
towards the extremity of each feather of either cock or hen;
moreover the breast of the male of the spangled variety
exhibits a regularly marked feather, and in the hackles a
deep black shaft, both of. which should be absent in the
pencilled variety.
LACED HAMBURGHS
Comprise the silver and gold varieties, both of which
closely resemble the Sebright Bantam in the character of
their laced markings. They are extremely scarce, but of
great beauty.
4
- MONOGAMY. 283
. BLACK HAMBURGHS
Are doubtless the produce of the other varieties of the
Hamburgh family, but although identical in blood, an
amount of difference of a partially permanent character
has been acquired by select breeding which renders them
somewhat distinct. Features thus engendered are by
no means analogous to primitive distinctions, and the
student of nature who searches minutely with just com-
‘parison into primary features, becomes cognizant of their
differential bearings, both in their tendency to degenerate
and the irregularity of. the progeny’s characteristics.
The black Hamburgh sembles the form, and conforms to
the entire class, exhibiting those points of peculiarity, those
features of notoriety for which the family are at once dis-
tinguished. The plumage of both sexes should be of
uniform deep green-metallic black; shanks clear blue.
—We subjoin a copy of requisites from the rules of our
northern club.
Points. Marks of feathers, &c., considered best.
Ist—CompB . : ‘ . Best double, best square, most erect, and
best piked behind.
9nd—Ear-topes. . . Largest and purest white.
8rd—CoLouR. : . ‘The best and richest glossed green-black.
4th——Lees . ‘ Best and clearest blue.
5th—GENERAL APPEARANCE Best feathered hen.
BREEDING STOCK.
It may be urged, without reference to any particular
breed, that the polygamous propensities of the male, when
subjected to the stimulating influences of domestication,
render a partial adherence to supposed primitive generation
necessary on the part of the breeder, if a reproduction of
standard excellences be desired. That the male, when
confined with one companion whilst domiciled in ordinary,
e
‘
284 | FERGUSON ON FOWL.
exhibits an unusual amount of tender regard towards his
mate is not surprising, but that his attachment should lead
him occasionally to undertake the partial duties devolving
upon incubator (as the pigeon—cum multis allis), com-
mands an amount of serious deliberation on the part
of the naturalist previous to his pronouncing sentence
against the possibility of original monogamy. ‘The fair
discussion of this extremely interesting subject would
necessarily occupy more space than we are justified in
appropriating to its special use. We are bound, therefore,
to apologize for verging upon so attractive a field, and
ageravating the interest of the sensitive by such tantali-
zation. But, without entering fully upon this point,
-a fact of acknowledged probity enlists our notice and
attention. Breeders of quality know too well the evil
effects resulting from overrating the productive powers of
the male, whilst recognising the importation of vigour in the
progeny of such as may be his limited associates. It may.
be urged in opposition, that even when thus situated his
generative powers are engaged upon the few as frequently
as upon a multiplicity, and far exceeding the actual require-
ments of those few. To the former we entirely disincline,
observation being sufficient to identify the stimulating
effects even of permanent variety ; to the latter we agree,
but consider no argument is therein furnished against
primary monogamy, seeing numerous animals which natu-
rally escort but one female are found actually capable of
rendering prolific many of their species, and are retained in
domestication for that purpose. Again, if a given number of
the eggs of any class or variety be subjected to the incubating
process, the number of males usually produced exceeds the
females by the ratio of six to four; whilst in some, more
especially the Shanghaes, nine males to five females are not
a
MONOGAMY. 285
eniebprteondlly produced, which is a well attested realty, |
Some may reply, yes; but the largest eggs are usually .
selected for incubation. We acknowledge this to be the
case; most persons preferring the finest and boldest for that
purpose to such as are of diminutive form, thereby increas-
/
i
;
‘
ing the male offspring, seeing the largest or heaviest eggs
usually produce birds of that gender (see page 44). Having
proved by a reiterated series of experiments, carried
on, I believe, without bias (seeing the realization of truth,
without interest in the relative result of either, sutmnteed |
action)—that if the hen be allowed to generate without the |
interference of her keeper, or if her produce be removed
4
3
and returned her when she exhibits broodiness, without
selection, male birds will usually exceed the females in |
the proportion of seven to six. Such being acknowledged,
we desire a reasonable elucidation of nature’s provision in
producing seven to six, when the requisite proportion is
said to be but one to eight, nine, or ten. She might freak
without inconsistency in generating rather more males than
are absolutely necessary to the insurance of an adequate
and efficient supply in cases of emergency, but we have
clearly shown if the present usually recognised proportion
_ be primitive, she furnishes at least seven times the number
of males needed for the efficient system of reproduction.
Our opinion upon this subject is not advanced in these
few words for reasons previously stated. Without a suf-
ficiency of conclusive argument pro or con, bare sentence
is but weak, for, if contrary to recognised principles, to be
regarded as mere assertion, is its inevitable doom, whilst if -
in conformity, the charge of reiterating truism confronts it,
with its quoter’s signalization as a copyist. But we do main-
tain, without hesitation, seeing all are capable of proving
and corroborating this statement, viz.—there is a limit to
|
|
|
|
|
|
;
» Gealaeneenisentinennitntec-iiensienieen tetera sesantiininiertaanisao
286 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
vigorous productive power. That pomt agreed, we have
but to discover the extent. This may be done by experi-
mentalization, the careful registering of all incidental
exceptions, the just comparison of all classes, and the strik-
ing of a well authenticated and approved average.
But to render the subject conformable to Hamburgh
fowl’s high breeding requisites, we insist upon the propor-
tion of one to four never being exceeded; with a hint, if
the strain indicates degeneracy, or the absence of vigour,
the company should be rendered still more select—that is if
an immediate improvement in the progeny be desired. For
breeding Hamburghs, and preserving the beauty and high
colour of their plumes, it may be requisite to notice that
either male or female should be of dark feather, two pale
birds, if matched, not exceptionally generating either mossy
or faded offspring. I prefer the male of the deeper hue.
The spangled varieties are doubtless but offshoots from
the pencilled, but for the pure propagation of either,
admixture inter se must be strictly avoided.
The analogous position held by the constitutional liabili-
ties of the Polish and Hamburgh fowls is somewhat pecu-
liar, and not to be overthrown by incidental exceptions, the
observance of many identical requisites being of equal
import in the propagation of both. (or other importances
as to the strict prohibition of relationary breeding, &c.,
&c., see pages 170 and 257.)
HATCHING AND REARING CHICKS.
As previously stated, the hen’s extreme aversion to the
sedentary occupation devolving upon incubator renders the
procuration of a foster mother necessary to their due
generation. Such must be of light form, the eggs of this
fowl being small. A Game hen is most adapted, and will
HAMBURGHS AS FARM STOCK. 287
tender her step-family with most assiduous attention. In
the north, where they are extensively bred, the middle of
May is considered the most suitable period for their exclu-
sion, but in milder counties the second week in April is not
generally found too early.
When first hatched the silvers are usually of a beautiful
cream tint, or white marked with a deeper line extending
longitudinally from the nape of the neck to the extremity
of body. |
The golden varieties of a light yellow, but similarly
marked. Not many days elapse from the exclusion of the
former before traces of the pencilled character of their plu-
mage become manifest, and an equally short space of time
is ample to render the appearance of the latter in part con-
formity with their parentage. Their remarkably agile
movements render them as conspicuous in the poultry
yard as the Polish chicks, whose rapid motions cannot
fail to be productive of considerable interest, even to the
casual observer. Although their feathery armour erows with
rapidity they require considerable care and attention until
well plumed, their bone being but small, and their frame less
robust than the generality of their compeers. Tangible
evidence of the extreme importance of change of dietary
being administered, is furnished by the continued thriving
condition of the progeny thus tended, whilst its neglect is
equally palpable in the dull, languid, and protracted deve-
lopment of others. A tendency to “stand still,” when but
half-grown, is observable in the offspring of this class, and
upon its first indication unless remedial measures be resorted
to, in the extension of run or entire change of food, a period
of some weeks may elapse before its deteriorating influences
become eradicated. If allowed to fasten upon the stock
its effects are irrecoverable, and a flock of miserably puny
288 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
and but partially developed specimens is the consequent
result.
Until the completion of the first moult even the silver-
pencilled cockerels are apt to run irregular in feather,
maturity and full plumage seldom being attained, until they
have reached the age of eighteen or twenty months, but
the suit progresses in beauty until the third year.
Pulletsusually commence laying,as previously mentioned,
when from five to seven months old, whilst some before that -
age. This greatly depends upon the quantity and quality
of food supplied, peculiar housing, and the extent of here-
ditary precocity by which they are thus induced. We,
however, prefer such specimens as continue the full deve-
lopment of the body and muscle until the age of six months,
without exhibiting their powers of production, such almost
invariably proving the finest types of their class. Thus
we are compelled to denounce that unconstitutional preco-
city induced by the supply of stimulating food, as decidedly
deteriorating in its ulterior effects. (See page 72.)
AS PROFITABLE OR FARM STOCK.
Where eggs are the main object, and a fair run be
afforded, Hamburghs will, doubtless, be found the most
profitable of fowls. Their precocious powers of production
and extreme natural fertility rendering them capable of
furnishing the market with an incessant supply of eggs for
eight, nine, and sometimes ten months in the year; so
prodigious a yield far more than compensating for their
individual deficiency in weight. But on the other
hand, their comparatively delicate habit of body, the
disastrous consequences inevitably arrising from their
exposure to damp, and their diminutive size, unfit them
for occupying a prominent position in the repository of the
DISEASES OF THE HAMBURGH FOWL. 289
producer of dead stock for market. Whilst a constitu-
tional liability to imbibe the evil effects consequent upon
confinement, renders their close domiciling in metropolitan
or town districts inevery way unsuitable.
But we repeat, where but few are preserved, either as
ornamental fowl or egg producers, and a moderate extension
of liberty be afforded, their merits will surpass the most
sanguinary expectations of their keeper.
DISEASES.
Damp.—The primary origin of so many maladies to
which poultry are subjected is peculiarly injurious to this
class, producing almost immediate disease of the respira-
tory organs, and proving far more fatal in its effects than
such ailments as usually proceed from exposure to dry,
cold atmosphere. Excessive cold, as engendered by the
searching influence of wet or keen north-easterly draughts
through the roosting-house, frequently carries away the
patient in the face of every remedial application.
_ Being free from ailment, when not peculiarly exposed
to detrimental influences, the presence of the former
forcibly suggests the effects of the latter, for the timely
eradication of which the application of medicinal measures
is inefficient without the immediate removal of the in-
ducing cause. (Will be prescribed for under the head of
diseases. ) |
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
BANTAM FOWLS.
(Gallus Bankiva) Phasianus pusillus Lath.
HISTORY OF BANTAMS. ,
To have reduced our prefatory heading to the singular
number would have necessarily consigned the entire
represented class to an indubitably mongrelled origin.
This may appear strange, but the not merely admix-
tures but crosses to which some branches of this family
have been exposed, and the influences of occasional instil-
lations of foreign diminutiveness with their collateral issue,
have unquestionably rendered the produce as different
from each other in appearance as partially distinct. A
preliminary institution of inquiry, therefore, becomes neces-
sary to the rescuing of the whole race from defamation.
Without giving response to the numberless quibbles urged
by non-students of natural phenomena against the original
unity of the Bantam race, we immediately advance towards
its support by answering such as have been suggested by
her students.
We do not recognise in the Sebright and the black the
same type of primeval ancestry, neither in the ordinary
game Bantam and the spangled variety, a consanguinity of
progenitorship. But why ? Because different degrees of
climatic exposure, strict domestication, crossing, breeding
in and in after admixture, blending of specimens differently
admixed, and continuous selection of such as developed
peculiar characteristics, have effectually operated upon the
/
HISTORY OF BANTAMS. ~ 291
size and feather, thereby inducing differences of peculiarly
distinct aspects. That is to say, we contend for the
primitive character of a form and carriage resembling more
or less the Bantam race, but consider the many existing
differences in-feather the result of inter-alliances with
other blood or peculiar breeding, and amply to be accounted
for by such means, and not the result of original distinct-
iveness. To define still closer, we would say, one original
variety of this Lilliputian family existed, which, from the
effects of previously adduced influences, has given rise to
all the extant. varieties.
It may be urged, are not similar operating causes upon
the same principle sufficient to account for the existing
diversities of the entire family of fowls (Galli)? We
respond, yes, for the varieties of our several classes, but
certainly not for all the classes of the species. Size may
be reduced or increased, but shape will always bear sem-
blance to originality. It may deviate for a time, but its
return is found. by all practical men as inevitable, unless
an admixture has been effected. But our several classes
respectively possess their own peculiarly distinet shape,
carriage, and characteristics, from generation to generation
without evincing the slightest tendency towards the
assuming of any other. The Bantam possesses a beauty of
shape and form peculiarly his own, and retains it however
much he may be exposed to the capriciousness of art in
peculiar breeding; but if he be crossed with any other fowl
it soon becomes entirely lost, and his form unperceived.
Now were the class next in size to himself in part con-
formity, we might be tempted to suppose that reduction
was sufficient to render it thus symmetrical, but it is
otherwise. He proceeds from the same climate as the
Malay fowl, which is the tallest bird known—they are
299 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
both exposed to the same influences of temperature, but
retain their own natural standard of size and weight from
one generation to another without variation. To suppose
the Bantam characteristics the result of chance, man’s
contrivances, or irregular phenomena, is to rob the Creator
of his honour. Why should there not have been called into
existence several classes of fowls (Gali), when reptiles
were produced in multitudinous distinction? Why should
we consider the Shanghae, Spanish, Polish, Game fowl,
‘and Bantam, sprang from an identity of blood, when
the watery element contains myriads of living types of
primitive forms, rendered capable of generating their
respective distinctions? Being blind to the beauteously
graduated claim of Heaven’s creation, weak mortals gaze
with indifference at copious nature, and fix her bounds to
their own frail conceptions. Argument would degenerate
into quibble were all the groundless suppositions which
have been advanced by some against the primitive cha-
racter of our several classes’ responded to, whilst the
improbabilities suggested by others are on a par with long
since exploded absurdities.
The Bankiva fowls of the eastern Archipelago are
doubtless more in conformity with the requisite character _
of the Bantam progenitors than any other race. To the
wild Bankiva birds of Java we, therefore, confer the title
of progenitorship, and to the town of Bantam, a district
in the north-west of Java, the right of nomination. That
many of the primitive birds mentioned by naturalists have
originally issued from the same source is obvious; the
ancient Turkish cock of some naturalists we count but the
collateral issue of the Bankiva under andther name, and
the existing differences between them, within the scope of
reason and analagous evidence to account for. But the
HISTORY OF BANTAMS. | 998
Bankiva fowl was clean-legged. From whence, therefore,
came the feathery pedal limbs presented by many of our
purest Bantams?* Are they descended from the same
source? What saith Buffon and other eminent naturalists
who followed in his steps respecting feathered shanks ?—
- excess of nourishment conduces to engender feathered
legs.” But was this ever found to be the case? Have we
ever discovered by the most solicitous care in instilling
into our pets of other breeds, and their issue for a conti-
nuance, all the nourishment they were capable of recetving
with advantage, have we ever procured one single pedal
feather thereby? Certainly not. Excess of nourishment
may perhaps conduce, but the question is whether it
brings into existence and develops. We acknowledge
most readily, pedal feather is soon lost, and may be re-
established even though generations intervene, but disclaim
the idea that a new feature of such striking distinctness
can be acquired by any artificial means, and regard the
supposition of such becoming constitutional with still |
greater disproval.
The Polish crest is still regarded by many as arising
from similar influences; to insist upon his wing having
been created by man or circumstances, or his primary
existence the result of spontaneous consummation, would
be no greater monstrosity. These ideas oft urged, from
mere temporary impressions, are seldom the result of the
deliberate judgment of a keen student, and will not bear
reflection. The feathery crest of the bird, although the
* Buffon describes the Bantam cock thus—* Possessed of a fiery eye,
feet covered with feathers on the outer side, those of the legs very long
- and forming a sort of boot to the very claws.” He distinguishes two
sorts, the large booted and the dwarf, the latter of a golden plumage, and
double or rose-combed.
294 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
most prominent and striking to a casual observer, is but
the smallest peculiarity in connexion with the skull. (See
page 151.)
We contend instead of feather being acquired by art it!
has been lost, but not so much by art as natural exposure;
the effects of the former could readily be recovered seeing
it is but limited in its extent and duration, and therefore
vacillating; but the Bankiva fowls, previous to our first
records concerning them, were by natural exposure sub-
jected for generations (of men) to wild and precarious.
supplies. . They were, doubtless, intended to be under the
control of man to administer to his wants, and be them-
selves supplied—but their exposition to weather, to partial
seclusion, and to the continued deprivation of their pedal
feathers, consequent upon their woody retreat, reduced
them to the position they were found as clean-legged
Bankiva fowls. In form, shape, carriage, and size, how-
ever, they resembled the original, and were in conformity
with our Bantam. After bemg domiciled and receiving
from the hands of men shelter and sustenance the feathers
ultimately returned; but such cannot be considered acquired
but merely re-established. The presence of pedal append-
ages in the present day is regarded as objectionable; but
should future ages again approve it, its further re-esta-
blishing even from specimens void of its presence in
themselves, may be gradually effected by selection, owing
to its original adaptation to their systems ; but according to
the remoteness of its last development so the difficulty and
duration of its restoration, whilst from other breeds devoid
of such feather, and unmixed with Bantam blood, it can
never be produced.
We therefore consider Bankiva fowls the progenitors
of Bantams, that is of the true Bantam characteristics—
a
- BANTAM—CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE. 295
that pedal feather is not an ‘acquired feature but was
possessed by the primeval Bankiva fowls, and its absence
in Bankiva specimens alluded to by travellers, was the
result of continued exposure to effects adverse to its
development—that its reappearance in domestication cannot
be considered an implantation from art, but merely an
inducement towards natural growth resulting from nou-
rishing diet and seclusion—that the many extant varieties
of this puny race are the result of effects already enumer-
_ated—and that the tendency of the present disproval of
feathery shanks is to extirpate such from the British isles,
which, if continued for several centuries, will doubtless
render its reproduction extremely protracted, but will |
not furnish any proof that such specimens are distinct
but merely a variety of the few, which, having been
naturally bred, present well feathered pedal limbs.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTIRE CLASS.
Head small and neat, but well arched and subject to
wuch agitation if its possessor be excited, when it becomes
proudly thrown backwards.
Face and throat bare and highly coloured.
Eye bright and full.
Beak short and curved.
Comb.—To become eligible for prize awards the Sebright,
the white, and black Bantams, must possess the full rose-
comb, whilst the other varieties may retain the single with-
out becoming disqualified for honorary distinction; the
former is, however, preferred.
Gills small and round. .
Ear-lobe should be as white as possible in all the varieties,
but in the Sebright it is seldom, if ever, to be obtained ;
296 FERGUSON ON FOWL,
but this circumstance affords no license for the exhibition
of red ear-lobes, which are decidedly objectionable.
Neck-hackle.—In the Sebright the male must retain no
pretension to a masculine development of this feature,
whilst with the other varieties it becomes an actual
requirement.
Breast protuberant and full.
Back short.
Thighs firm and tight.
Wings full and carried low, thereby covering the thighs
and exhibiting a defined exterior peculiarly striking in the
male, when excited.
Shank.—The Sebright must always present clean shanks,
perfectly free from feather. In the other varieties, both
bare and feathered pedal specimens are found, but in the
_.» eye of our connoisseurs clean-limbed are preferable.
Tail should be carried uprightly and even. In good
specimens sometimes sufficiently erect to come in close
contact with the neck-hackle. The Sebright must possess
a square hen tail entirely devoid of sickle feathers, whilst
the other varieties are allowed to carry full plumes with
advantage.
General feather firm and close.
_ form round and plump but light, and of graceful
contour.
Carriage very erect, impudent, and consequential.
Weight.—As an average summary, no male bird of the
entire class, to become eligible for distinction, should exceed
20 ozs., or female 16 ozs., whilst the Sebright, the black,
and the white must be considerably below these weights.
Mr. Bailey mentions “17 ozs. for the male Sebright and
14 ozs. for the female, as the extreme weights, and asserts
he has met with an adult pair, perfect in every point, not
BANTAM—CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCELLENCE. 297
over 23 ozs.” But in a general way the causes of such
acquired diminutiveness prove deteriorating to the form,
symmetry, constitutional vigour, and generative organs.
Flesh very delicate in flavour, and may be dressed as
- partridge or young chicken. ;
Disposition lively and vigorous; of determinate courage,
but assuming and tyrannical.
Producers.—They may be considered very folios
usually laying seven or eight months in the year, and pro-
ducing, upon an average, four or five eggs in a week. The
mean proportionate weight varies from one ounce to one
ounce and a quarter, and the colour from a Pye white to
a pale buff,
Poe
FAC-SIMILE OF THE “ BANTAM’S
EGG.
The black variety usually ne longer eggs than de- |
scribed in the annexed illustration, and of the latter tint.
The eggs of the other varieties are rather blunt in shape .
and of the former colour, whilst the white Biitnr prodizoes |
the smallest ova of the entire family.’ It must be borne
in mind we allude to the produce of specimens which have
been or are eligible for exhibition purposes, and not to —
such as stand without the circumference of fancy birds.
298 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
-As incubators and mothers.—They are unquestionably
very steady and careful, proving as well adapted to perform
the duties of their sedentry occupation as peculiarly tender
and watchful with the progeny, and may be employed in
the rearing of pheasants and partridges with considerable
advantage. The feather-legged specimens, or such as
develop four or five inches of pedal drapery, are less care-
ful and far less active; their appendages frequently proving
as ruinous to the eggs, from becoming saturated in their
daily departure from the nest, as annoying to the chicks
from their brushy character; at the same time incapaci-
tating the parent bird for vigorous scratching, which,
however pleasing to the nurseryman, must necessarily
prove detrimental to the progeny.
VARIETIES.
Black-breasted reds or game Bantams.
Duckwing do. do.
Nankeen or yellow.
Spangled.
Cuckoo.
Pheasant Bantam.
Partridge do.
5 ck Fee } eens and clean-legged.
Single do. feathered do.
; Rose do. clean do.
te do.- -+ a.
pene = Single do. feathered do.
Gold-laced | clean do.
Piateacay . Ake
set : € Silver do. do. do.
es BANTAM VARIETIES. 999
COLLATERAL CROSS-BREEDS.
Silky Bantam.* Jumper or Creeper.
Russian or Siberian. Turkish or Turkey Bantams.
Chinese or Tartarian. Dumpies or Scotch Bakies.
It may be necessary to observe that the whole of the first
ten varieties already mentioned are found both with bare
and well feathered tarsi, the Sebrights alone excepted, which
must always present clean shanks. ‘The first specimens of
the Bantam family were imported into this country at the
commencement of the seventeenth century, as we have
already had occasion to mention. They were of larger
development than the British extant race, and possessed of
well feathered limbs.
Formerly no specimen devoid of pedal appendages was
recognised as worthy of notice, but excluded the amateur’s
stock. In the present day this very feathery supplement
is denounced, and the unbooted alone, with very few ex-
ceptions, compete for national awards. But why? Not
because the natural garb is regarded as imperfect in itself,
but from its unsuitableness to our climate. However much
a full display of this featheriness in the noble Shanghae
may be approved of, its presence in the puny race is dis-
advantageous, both to its possessor and the offspring, when
exposed to the average inclemency of the weather. But
where ample means and suitable provision can be made for
diverting the evil effects of wet and damp, we are bound
* The progenitors of the Silky or Persian fowl’s characteristics, which
will hereafter receive further notice, must be regarded perfectly distinct
from the Bankiva fowl; nevertheless, specimens are occasionally produced
from the admixtures of the issue of the two, exhibiting more or less the
form of the latter, but the peculiar coat of the former. The produce of
such admixtures are calculated to, deceive, and lead the uninitiated to the
supposition of their original identity.
300 ' FERGUSON ON FOWL.
to confess we greatly admire the full development of the
fringy ankle garb, and further consider, as they are purely
fancy birds, where such cannot be afforded they should not
be domiciled ; at the same time, unless the development be
complete and full, their pedal limbs are far better bare.
The description of every specimen differing from the
standard criterion of its variety would be indeed volumnious,
even though poultry comprised but this Lilliputian family.
Innumerable are the differences presented even in one strain,
but we consider the already enumerated varieties form every
class of plumage known, though not every exceptional
shade, neither such as may be bred from the admixture of
specimens which are themselves the produce of irregular
combinations.
Blach-breasted red or game Bantam.—This bird ap-
proaches the Bankiva fowl more closely than any other
variety, but may frequently be seen presenting a minimum
portrait of the black-red Game, although retaining its own
distinctive carriage. The comb and gills are similar to the
same features of that class, the former being usually single.
The extreme weight of the male should not exceed seven-
teen ounces, neither the female fourteen ounces, whilst
specimens much lighter may be met with of symmetrical
form and full vigour. Whilst we thus allude to this variety
_it becomes necessary to observe that many specimens ex-
hibited as such are but immediate hybreds between the
Game class already alluded to and the Nankeen or dark-
breasted Bantam; but the differences presented between the
genuine and the spurious birds become apparent to the
experienced amateur at a glance.
Duckhwing Bantams bear the same affinity to the
black-breasted “red variety, as the game duckwing —
holds to the black-red of the same class, They have
BANTAM VARIETIES. . som 301
been but lately exhibited, but are of umique and
showy appearance, resembling in feather the black-
breasted birchen game duckwing, and possessing yellow
legs and beak.
Nankeen or yellow is usually considered the primitive
feather of Bantams. Not very long since this variety com-
manded unqualified approval, but the Sebrights and other
choice varieties have at length surpassed it, still it retains
afew earnest admirers. The plumage of the male resembles
the buff Shanghae, or a pale ginger yellow, with neck and
saddle-hackle of a brighter hue, but frequently presenting —
dark shafts; wings and saddle deep reddish chestnut ;
tail black and well arched.—Hen pale orange or ginger
yellow throughout, hackles frequently stained, but speci-
mens exhibiting the slightest markings preferred; tail
feathers should be deep buff, shading into black at their
edges; comb double in both sexes, but the presence of
the single comb does not disqualify, if the birds exhibit a
fair pretension to other requisites. aad
Spangled specimens usually exceed in weight the recog-
nised limits for prize birds. Many so called are in reality
but the admixture of the Sebright with the other varieties,
frequently exhibiting black markings of irregular forms,
and seldom sufficiently clear and defined to deserve recog-
nizance. Some, however, are of more remote ancestry,
but these are very rare ; the usual feather of the male is
deep reddish bay, whilst the hen is of a lighter shade, but
should in both sexes be definitely spangled throughout
with black spots. Specimens not exceptionally may be
met with, possessing white markings, which, if regular,
present a striking contrast to the otherwise bay ground of
the plumage. The spangled variety is usually rose-combed
and booted.
302 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Cuckoo Bantams are incidentally met with resembling
the Dorking of the same name in the colourings of their
plumes, each feather being marked with three or four bars
of grey, yellow, or black, upon a white ground, and usually
possessing the single comb in both sexes. They, however,
frequently exhibit both in form and carriage considerable
pretension towards the maintenance of dignity in the
Bantam class.
Pheasant Bantams are thus nominated from the resem-
blance their markings bear to the plumage of the common
pheasant. |
Partridge Bantams.—The male of this now rare variety
should possess a full rose comb, yellowish-brown hackles;
saddle of a similar hue, streaked with black; back and
wings partridge colour; primary wing feathers dull bay;
tail deep black, and sickled; lower abdomen deep drab.
The hen possesses an entire suit of partridge-brown, saving
the breast and belly which are more usually drab, and
yellowish hackles with black shafts. Average size for the
male twenty ounces, female sixteen ounces.. Many have
of late been produced from an admixture of Game blood,
thereby considerably increasing their size, but improving
them for the rearing of pheasants and partridges, to which
they officiate with the greatest care and assiduity. From
the latter it frequently becomes difficult to distinguish
them whilst young, owing to their similarity of size, colour,
and shape. The genuine diminutive partridge Bantams
are now rarely to be obtained.
Blacks. —The male of this variety, when of good form
and feather, is very striking, and displays his courageous
audacity and domineering spirit upon the slightest oppor-
tunity. Of this waggish family he strenuously endeavours
to appear foremost, but equally objecting to that position
BANTAM VARIETIES. —
in a running chase. The hen, although quiescent when
unoffended, is of the same material, and the presence of an_
intruder small or large affords a suitable occasion for the
consummation of her prowess. They are rather hardier than
the other varieties, and very prolific. Amongst them may -
be found specimens the most diminutive of the entire family,
whilst some exceed the limits assigned for exhibition birds.
The plumage of the male should be of uniform glossy
black, resplendent with purple metallic lustre; tail deep
black, and well sickled; comb full and rose-shaped,
which, together with wattles, should be of bright crimson ;
ear-lobes white and not tinted with red; legs medium
length; shank and toes dark lead, whilst such as are per-
fectly free from feather are decidedly preferred, and it
must be acknowleged of all the varieties the blacks exhibit
feathery pedal limbs to the greatest disadvantage.—Hen
‘presents an entire dull black feather, diminutive comb and
gills, and white ear-lobes. After attaining the third year
blacks of purest strains usually become grizzled in hackle,
wings, and tail, which disqualifies them for exhibition
purposes. Such as develop red or orange in the hackles,
or yellow bars across the wing-coverts, are also inadmis-
sible. A variety of the blacks possessing a single comb
and feathered shanks may be met with occasionally, but
is not in equal esteem.
Whites.—The male of this variety should possess a clear
unstained white plumage, and fully sickled tail of snowy
whiteness, relieved by a scarlet rose-comb and wattles of
similar colour; ear-lobes should . be clear white; beak,
shanks, and toes, white or dull flesh colour, and perfectly
bare, yellow or blue pedal limbs being much disapproved of.
A clear and healthy coloured visage forms another requisite
and important feature in the finishing stroke of first class
304 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
birds. Such may be considered the description of a
selected prize specimen—as too many of the whites so
called are inclined to a dull rather than snowy whiteness
—the latter must necessarily be the choice. The hen is
less brilliant than her lord, but should be of pure unmixed
feather and considerably smaller. Whites are rather less
robust than the generality of their compeers; but if the
fact be borne in mind by the keeper, in their non-exposure
to detrimental influences, its presence may be almost unper-
ceived. The male should not exceed fifteen ounces, nor
the hen twelve ounces, whilst specimens of still smaller
dimensions but of-perfect symmetry are to be met with.
Clean shanks are at present the fashion, otherwise this
variety exhibits white leggings to the greatest advantage,
and the silvery fringe ornamenting the exterior side of their
legs and ankles is no less beautiful in itself than natural to
the class. As in the blacks, a single-combed variety pos-
sessed of booted legs exists, but seldom procures on
attention at the hands of the amateur.
Gold-laced Sebright.—Both sexes should present a clear
golden yellow plumage, with every feather, including
hackles, wing-coverts, flight feathers, and tail, laced, that is
bordered with a margin of black of perfectly regular width all
round. These markings should be plainly defined, and not
found mingling with the interior golden yellow ground
of the feather; comb double, and extending in a regular
point at extremity; ear-lobe rather small, and the nearer they
approach white the more preferred (see ear-lobe character-
istics of entire class tail should be of clear unmixed brown-
yellow, laced with black at extremity. As previously
stated the tail of the male must be square as in the hen,
and entirely devoid of sickle feathers, the shorter plumes
rising at base, together with wings, should be particularly
puckeryag po hy pryckobouy
"“SWMWVY &2N V'
“peT[loueg eats Boelq wee “PpeT[ouseg wepposy
N J A MWS.
Tithographed. by Nae Cullagor a.
BANTAM VARIETIES. 305
well laced. The neck and saddle feathers of the male
must be developed but little more than in the hen, and
similarly marked, or they cannot be regarded within the
recognised limits of fancy birds; legs blue, and perfectly
clean ; their carriage should be in full conformity with the
entire class, and exceeded by none in gallant contour, impu-
dent and consequential strut of lofty sedateness ; head of
the male carried uprightly and thrown backwards; tail
erect, the uppermost feathers of which, in good specimens,
frequently approach in close proximity with the neck-
hackle; wings carried low over thighs. For weight, &c.
(see characteristics.) The hen should correspond in feather
with the male. It may be requisite to add if the lacings
exceed the usual width, which is about the sixteenth part
of an inch, the specimen is rendered too dark, and the
penatabts contrast, for which the class is so remarkable,
becomes considerably circumscribed; or if the lacing be
wider at the extremity of the feather than at the sides,
it produces an irregular appearance. To be considered
free from fault in this respect, the same proportion of
colour and lace should prevail throughout the entire
plumage. :
Silver-laced Sebrights. —By the substitution of a clear
silvery white in the place of the golden-yellow ground of the
former bird this beautiful variety is fully described, all
other characteristics being in strict conformity. A dingy or
yellowish white is decidedly objectionable, whilst the
purer the ground the more eligible for distinction. The
average weight may be considered slightly over that of the
golden, although but one standard for both is recognised.
Itbecomesindisputably evident that the silvers, especially the
lightest specimens, require further retardatory measures to
suppress their natural development than the golden variety.
Vv
Peepscenecs
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
BANTAM COLLATERAL BREEDS, ETC.
Russian or Siberian Bantam.—Specimens bearing this
compound name, usually exhibit too surely their extract,
to render keen investigation necessary. The bearded
Bantam, a mongrelled breed of Polish affinity, becomes
thus nominated, but no motive worthy of their mutual
application suggests itself to our notice.
Chinese or Tartarian Bantams are but indefinite appel-
latives, and represent equally indistinct specimens possess-
ing every appearance of hybredous origin in their speckled
and non-symmetrical form.
Jumpers or creepers (fowls of Cambodge of Buffon*)
derive their English appellatives from the peculiar help-
lessness of their gait, arising from the contraction of their .
pedal limbs. Their shanks are usually bare but not inva-
riably, a feathery. garb being at times manifest. We are
strikingly reminded of the evil effects consequent upon
subjecting nature to capricious art whilst gazing at these
deformed members of one beauteous family. It would
appear as if a section of the Bantam race, more or less pure,
had been formerly subjected to a continuous system of
artificial expedients, with a view to the further reduction of
their pedal limbs, regardless of body conformity, and that
their stunted growth had been of an irregular character,
and a deformed frame the consequence. Such specimens
as exhibited their lower members the most diminutive
being selected for propagation, rendered a development of
non-development, and a consummation of deformity the
result.
* Buffon’s description may be thus rendered :—“ Their legs so short
that their wings trail the ground ; they are very like the dwarf fowl of
Britanny, and have always a jumping gait.”
BANTAM COLLATERAL BREEDS, ETC. 307
Turkish fowl* and © Turkey Bantam.”—We regard the
latter bird, the produce of the admixture of the Jumper
and Dorking blood, thereby pertaining to the Bantam in a
degree. They possess single, double, or cup-combs, as in the
Dorking, but are not confined to the features of that class
but occasionally exhibit Polish affinity by the lower mandible
feathery appendage. In colour they semble in part Aldro-
yandi’s description. Average weight of the male from
three to four pounds, female three pounds.
Dumpies or Scotch Bakies are confined to the admixture
of Jumper and Dorking blood, and are thus analagous to
the Turkey fowl, but differ from it, inasmuch as there
exists a greater proportion of Dorking blood than in
that bird. Their great conformity to the Dorking in
* Buffon refers to a cog de Turquie as being remarkable for its
beautiful plumage. Timmerick regards it as a variety of the Bantam.
Aldrovandi describes thus, “ whole body whitish, with golden and silver
streaks save in tail, wing feathers, and belly, which are black tinged with
308 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
shape and characteristics, quality of flesh, productive and
incubating powers, is fully corroborative of this idea, more
especially in some specimens, whilst the closer their issue
is observed, the further it becomes manifest. A fair
natural average for the male is six pounds, for the female
five pounds, but both capable of becoming much heavier by
judicious cooping and fattening. They possess extremely
short legs, comb as in the Dorking, ear-lobe white and
full; general feather coarse and ample, usually of a light
colour but varying in this respect; tail full. Being natu-
ralized to the northern parts of Great Britain they have
become somewhat hardy, but the offspring of the second
generation, bred in less exposed but damper regions, have
in many instances proved otherwise than was anticipated.
Their tendency to roup, to which distressing disease Dork-
ings are peculiarly susceptible, renders clayey or low
positions extremely detrimental and unsuitable to their
propagation. Birds with short legs are necessarily more.
exposed to the deteriorating influences arising from expo-
sure to damp than such as stand high upon their pedal
limbs. However well Dumpies may be enabled to with-
stand dry cold atmosphere, it becomes equally patent their
constitutional requirements are diametrically adverse to
the presence of damp, as exhibited in their extreme suscep-
tibility to imbibe disease when exposed to its influences,
and to develop its distressing results.
green on the outer side ; legs and toes bluish. Hen white, spotted with
black; neck yellowish.” Sir W. Jardine’s description of the Turkish
fowl is in part accordance with the Bantam race; and Richardson’s in
conformity with Aldrovandi’s. It must, however, be borne in mind the
fowl thus described is not identical with the bird alluded to by us as the
Turkey Bantam, the presence of the Bantam exists in both, but in
different forms and degrees.
BANTAM—BREEDING STOCK. 309
BREEDING STOCK.
The Sebright Bantam derives its prefatory name from
that devoted amateur Sir John Sebright, M.P.,* by whose
continuous efforts the breed at length became propagated.
Their history has ever been enveloped in, the greatest
mystery, and all attempts towards the exposition of their
genealogy has hitherto proved inadequate. We will not
discuss the probable accuracy or absurdity of the numerous
hybredous sources to which they have been assigned by
some, neither the equally improbable conjectures urged in
their behalf by others, but briefly comment upon their
analogous position to the several peculiarly feathered
varieties of other classes, and their direct relation to the
Bantam family in the same degree as the varieties of the
Shanghae, Game, Polish, and Hamburgh, assimilate their
respective heads. -
Why seek to deduce some foreign theory respecting the
mysteries of their feather when every distinctly marked
plume is unaccountably produced? From what source
issues the peculiar tints of the golden-spangled or white-
erested black Polands?—from whence the dun Game cock,
the white Malay, and the many other varieties of our
several classes? That Sir John Sebright’s stock was
originally obtained from an eastern source we doubt not,
although its comparative scarcity rendered its continued
procuration extremely difficult. We do not assert that
such specimens were in exact conformity with the present
Sebrights, but, on the contrary, affirm that they consider-
ably exceeded the limits assigned for prize specimens of
the extant race; they moreover possessed sickle feathers,
and exhibited the full difference of plumage usually existing
between the male and female.
* For Herts.
310 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
It must be studiously observed in the breeding of this
race that the attaining of diminutive form is but one ele-
mentary importance to success. That the specimens chosen
be of constitutional soundness, and as remotely related as
possible—that the form, carriage, feather, and general contour
be in strict conformity with the class—that the male be of
mature years,* and his mates limited to two—that he be the
most vigorous, whilst the hen, the most compact and
healthiest of the brood, are requisites of equal import, and
_ respectively demand judicious attention to the successful
propagation of the breed. Ifthe most diminutive specimens
be selected regardless of vigour, or consanguineous breeding
be allowed for a continuance, a supply of unproductive
egos is the inevitable result.
At the completion of the second moult a male may
be considered in his prime. At three years Sebrights of
the purest strains of both sexes frequently become “ kite-
winged,” that is grizzled in the wings and tail with white,
which renders them useless for exhibition purposes.
But as breeding stock they are far better adapted than
cocks of inferior vigour, or stags of the greatest beauty.
In fact we regard vigour as the grand desideratum, even
though accompanied by slightly additional weight, since the
present exacted criterion of diminutiveness is partly the
operating cause of their impaired condition. When two
specimens exhibit equally good properties, and are alike
vigorous, the smaller should doubtless be the choice; but
what we would suggest is, that if that diminutive form be
accompanied by vigour below the natural standard, such
should be discarded.
— We have oft observed, whilst treating upon breeding
* Not under two years.
BANTAM—BREEDING STOCK. | 311
stock, that the power of reproducing the plumage of the
‘male in the offspring is considerably dependant upon the
hue of the hen. When the male is of darker and richer
hue the progeny are more clearly marked than when the
tone of the hen’s plumage exceeds the male’s, or than is
the case when both sexes are equally deep or alike pale.
This becomes a feature of importance in the breeding of
showy specimens of the Bantam family. If the golden
Polish be matched with the silvers of the same class, clearly
and distinctly marked specimens of each variety may be
occasionally produced. In like manner golden and silver
- Bantams being matched, issue bearing the resemblance of
both varieties are generated, at once testifying their original
identity, and but comparatively recent separation. .
The blacks, whites, and yellows, do not thus generate laced
progeny, but their own respective hues from the same
causes which render the other varieties of our several
classes breeders of their own colour (viz., their lengthened
selection.) If the Sebright be not sustained by instillations
of fresh blood he will degenerate, not only in form, but
the. distinctive markings in the offspring will by degrees
become confused and irregular, until at length a dull yel-
lowish spotted plumage will be exhibited as proof of virtual
decay ; at the same time, if the varieties above alluded to
be admixed with him, worthless will be the progeny as
~ fancy birds, the feathery coats of such issue usually par-
taking of the tints of the two indiscriminately. It, there-
fore, becomes requisite to procure birds of the same feather,
but of a different strain. ‘The evils attendant upon neglect
are indubitably witnessed in the present extensively debili-
tated state of their generative organs. Every breeder is
cognizant of the large quantities of unproductive or “ poor
eggs” produced, especially by the highly-bred birds, as
-
312 FERGUSON ON FOWL FF
resulting from the circumstance that nearly all such have
proceeded in a more or less direct line from Sir J. Sebright’s -
stock. The procuration of fresh imported specimens from
the east is therefore imperative, or this beautiful breed will
become indeed but a name. |
We also urge that our judges should regard the form
and carriage of the specimen as the grand desideratum, and
although a standard of weight is recognised, which must
not be exceeded, still if the observance of that criterion is .
found incompatible with the continuous sustaining of the
breed, it should be raised a trifle: Simultaneously acknow-
ledging that where extreme diminutive form is accompanied
by equally vigorous constitutional evidences, such should
still be regarded the prima donna and beau ideal of its
class.
It is an indubitable fact that the sustaining of the breed
lies in continued instillations of fresh blood. We will
firstly suppose, for the sake of description,* that all extant
varieties of the Bantam claim rights to one common origin-
ality in the form of a progenitor pair. Now the two
specimens forming this pair must have been more remote
in blood from each other than any of their produce, seeing
they were individually distinct, whilst all other proceeds were
but the admixture of this distinctness, rendering them dif-
ferent when exposed to the differential effects of climatic
influences, but not distinct. Although the form and tint of
some might have been developed in conformity with either
progenitor more than with others of the same brood, still
the blood was the same. It is, therefore, undeniable that
actual avoidance of collateral breeding is impossible, unless
admixture with blood of some other class be resorted to.
* Such is, moreover, our decided opinion.
oe BANTAM—BREEDING STOCK. 313
And even if we cherish the idea that several of our, not
i : 4 ae ;
v4 ae" only classes but varieties, were primitively distinct from
each other, it becomes equally evident that actual rela- :
- a tionary breeding cannot possibly be avoided, unless these
so called distinct varieties be admixed either inter se or with
}. other blood. Years of separation or climatic influences are
ee inadequate to the rendering of blood distinct, but we hold
" . a difference may thus be effected, seeing that the corporeal
| frame which is the seat of blood and changes, is consider-
ably influenced by external exposures; and changes in the <
constitution necessitate variations in succeeding blood.
Certain blood subjected for several generations to climatic
effects, peculiar feeding, and different external causes,
when matched with blood of primitive identity, but equally
affected by circumstances, renders the ulterior progeny dif-
ferent from such as may even have been the issue of the
same blood, but bred and domiciled in clime or under cir-
cumstances of an adverse character.
We, therefore, regard the differences existing between
the constitutions of a pair of birds to be the grand feature
in high breeding. It would be possible to match specimens.
which had been placed under similar influences, but actu-
ally of ten generations separation, without receiving an
actual vigorous instillation of fresh blood, whilst from such.
as but three or four generations since had issued from the
same pair, but exposed to considerable internal and external
differential vicissitudes, might emanate the desired vigorous
instillation. It therefore becomes requisite to the insurance
of the continuous success of the amateur stud, in the repro- 2
duction of first-class specimens, that a just regard be paid
to the constitutional tendencies of specimens intended for
admixture, and a line of action adopted in conformity with
such conviction. .
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
BANTAM CHICKENS.
About the middle of June may be considered most suit-
able for their exclusion, but periods much later are usually
resorted to for the express purpose of retarding their deve-
lopment. In addition to the particulars already advanced
upon rearing chicks, it becomes necessary to add, on account
of their extreme diminutiveness, that the utmost precaution
is requisite in guarding against the injurious effects of damp.
They should, therefore, be detained in a perfectly dry apart-
ment for a few days subsequent to their exclusion from the
shell, and supplied every other hour with split groats, &.,
in small quantities, leaving suitable stubble or ground
rubbish for their amusement in the interim (see page 112).
The produce of black Bantams, when first excluded, are
usually black, including bill, eyes, and legs, but frequently
possessing greyish abdomens. Golden Sebrights are of a
yellowish brown throughout. Whites of a light creamy hue.
Conflicting are the statements respecting the constitutional
vigour of Bantams, and such is likely to remain the case,
seeing the several varieties differ as much from one another
in this respect as from quite distinct classes, and specimens
of the same variety vary to an equal extent. A fair average,
therefore, is the only guide to a correct computation. We
consider the constitutions of the parents, local influences,
and peculiar treatment, are the inducing causes of these
differences. If the parentage be sound, and the offspring
be hatched in suitable weather, fairly tended and guarded
against damp, their active frames and precocious feathering
will carry them past chickenhood without more than usual
mortality. But if the offspring of continued relationary
breeding, if specimens the weakest in the family be chosen as
stock birds because they are the most diminutive, if they be
BANTAMS AS FANCY BIRDS. 315 |
bred in damp or exposed situations, if the offspring be
excluded late in the autumn or tended with negligence,
the result will be seen in the exclusion of but one or two
- puny birds from many sittings of eggs, one or two reared
chickens from many broods, and but one or two fair spe-
cimens from many reared chicks; and according to the
extent of precaution exercised in guarding against these
causes of degeneracy, in the same ratio will the breeder be
successful or otherwise.
BANTAMS AS FANCY ‘BIRDS.
Fancy versus Profit. tas
-Atthe commencement of the seventeenth century through
the English settlers at Bantam specimens of this Lilli-
putian race were first imported into Great Britain, since
which they haye commanded universal admiration and held
conspicuous positions in the collections of all distinguished
amateurs, neither are they likely to give way in public
esteem.
But farmers and rearers for the market cannot be too
particular in secluding their stock from the presence of so
diminutive a breed. To them size and weight are of main
importance, not omitting quality ; but to whatever extent
the latter may excel, the absence of the standard develop-
ment of the former renders all dead stock below mediocrity.
Their diminutive form, however, renders them capable of
being domiciled in metropolitan or manufacturing districts
where eggs are in demand, and where larger fowlsare attimes
found inconvenient. The Bantam roosting house requires
but the cleansing of a light hand for its decent preservation ;
the consumption of this class is indeed moderate, whilst
316 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
their productive powers are not below the average. Their
extreme beauty, delicacy of plumage, elegance of form,
contour, and great vivacity; cannot fail to gain them
many admirers; and, to the ladies especially, we heartily
recommend the adoption of this Lilliputian family.
MALFORMATIONS. ©
It is not surprising that Bantams should degenerate and
become partially unprolific, when the most diminutive
specimens, regardless of hereditary vigour, are bred from;
that the tail should be devoid of sickle feathers when mas-
culine distinctions are curbed by in and in breeding, and
the continuous eradication of such features. We regard
the entire absence of hackle and sickle feathers the result
of art, or rather the effects of art, and closely connected
with the generative organs. Birds, whether of Bantam or
any other class, when bred in and in to the production of
hen tails, naturally become impaired in their generative
organs; but it becomes important to observe that such
materially differ from those which are minus the plumes
from their continuous eradication. The very large num-
ber of unprolific eggs produced by Bantam hens is but
another form of these deteriorating effects and so long
as the most’ diminutive specimens are selected as proge-
nitors of further steck without regard to vigour, so long
as admixture is postponed, this affection will be on the
increase.
~ We hold that the generative organs are in proximity to
the seat of all differential plumage, and the source of most
of the peculiar changes occurring in this family ( Galli).
Unprolific hens of all classes not unfrequently exhibit par-
tially curved sickle feathers. A remarkable instance of
this occurred under my own observation. Some few years
MALFORMATIONS. 3
- since a brown-red Game hen of Freeman’sstrain, when eleven
years old became sterile, at the ensuing moult she exhibited
the partially curved sickle feathers; but the following
season she assumed the full plumage of the male. I possess
her preserved exterior, and can further vouch for the
accuracy of this statement. Hens which are over-fed fre-
quently become diseased in their generative organs, and
ultimately sterile, when a double accumulation of internal
fat is produced from the conversion of egg stuff into flesh
instead of eggs. Suchare not likely to assume the plumage
of the male, but their decease, anterior to the ensuing ,
season, may be regarded as inevitable. It becomes neces- i
sary to add that the strain which produced the hen already
alluded to, had been bred in and in for nearly forty years
by that noted breeder Mr. J. Freeman, who entertained
such sanguine ideas of the peculiar excellence of his own
strain that admixture was purposely avoided. Had it not
been for his superior judgment in the selection of breed-
ing specimens, and the limitation of the male to two hens,
he certainly could not have sustained his breed so long.
In the course of his experience whites, piles, and duns,
were produced from his brown-reds, without any admixture
having taken place for eighteen or nineteen years. These
he selected, and by the continuous breeding in and in of
such as were of the same feather, and the destroying of all
partially or irregularly coloured specimens, a permanent
family of each was at length established. Within the last
ten years the stock has much fallen off, and the strain, which
in the sporting registry was once acknowledged of first-
rate merit, has become surpassed in excellence by others
more judiciously sustained by admixture.
The first expedient we resorted to, when this breed came
into our possession, was the matching of two pullets with
318 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
a two year old black-breasted red cock of proved excel-
lence. Our expectations as to the result were realized, the
progeny for the most part exhibiting the full benefit of
the admixture, no less by a full development of vigour,
than by the superior firmness of their plumage. The
males were richly coloured with deep dragon’s blood on
the saddle, but lighter in the hackles, rendering them
blood-wing Piles. One of the original hens we allowed
to remain with her sire, and from which issued a most
remarkable production of lusus nature, of which we annex
the life-size fac-simile portrait.
This creature, thus possessed of two supplementary legs and
wings, survived but a few minutes after exclusion. Its
form has been carefully preserved by Mr. Newill, of South-
wark, previous to which it underwent a critical examination
before many distinguished anatomists, who expressed their
great surprise at such a consummation of irregularity be-
coming so far perfected by nature. It possessed two wind-
MALFORMATIONS. 319
pipes in the same neck, moreover two back-bones, besides a
duplicate set of the principal organs. Excepting Aldrovandi’s
account of monsters, of which description is not furnished,
we have no mention of any similar production. Chickens
rarely issue in any shape from double-yoked eggs, but ocea-
sionally two distinct but weakly and diminutive specimens
have been excluded; likewise double chicks, or chicks with
two complete bodies have been heard of, but never in the -
experience of a modern, one in the form and shape of a
winged quadruped. We regard this and similar productions
the result of a disordered state of the generative organs,
or induced, as in this instance, by close consanguinary
breeding.
Male specimens possessing two or three spurs upon each
leg, alsotwisted beakers may be occasionally seen, butsuch are
merely local malformations. The former a freak of nature,
seeing on the pedal limbs of such chicks of but one day’s
growth may be observed the number of peculiar warts
which will ultimately become developed as spurs; the
latter also an irregularity in the process of the formation
of the egg, seeing the specimen is excluded with a twisted
beak, although its continued growth in the same adverse
course renders it more and more conspicuous. Specimens
possessing twisted crops are at times met with, more
especially in the Malay breed (see page 190), others with
a curvature of the spine (see page 170). Shanghaes and
Spanish are, moreover, more or less liable to lateral curva-
ture of the tail (see page 64). Crooked -breast bones or
keels are usually produced either from permitting the
juveniles of the poultry yard the opportunity of roosting
whilst too young, or furnishing adult specimens with per-
ches of too narrow dimensions(see page 29), whilst from such
birds are occasionally produced similarly deformed progeny.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
SILKY OR PERSIAN FOWLS.
(Phasianus tanatus, Lath.)*
Ir is a remarkable fact that not only specimens bearing
much resemblance to the Bantam family exhibit a silky or
hairy coat in lieu of feathers, but that silky Spanish and
Shanghaes should be met with in other respects perfect
types of their respective classes, but capable of generating
silky offspring with regularity. It may be urged that
such specimens are but the effects of an admixture with
the silky fowl; but the fact is, it would require continuous
instillations of that blood to produce such a consummation.
Buffon considered peculiar diet was the inducing cause,
whilst it may be urged with equal effect that it originated
in the diseased condition of the skin, as induced from ex-
posure to heat. We find men possessing woolly hair in
the same cliniate from whence these birds proceed, a fact
sufficiently ample to denote the power of climatic influences
upon the skin.
The coat of the silky fowl is composed of webbed feathers
or rather hairs, rendering its appearance very striking.
It is found in China and Japan, and bred in these parts
without difficulty.
VARIETIES.
Emu or silky Shanghae—(for description see page 25).
* Timmerick considered the silky fowl a native of India, and described
it as existing in a wild state.
SILKY OR PERSIAN FOWLS. 321
Algerian silky fowls are usually of a deep brown hue,
with neck-hackle stained with black; they possess single
comb, but are almost destitute of tail.
Silky Spanish resemble black Spanish in comb, ear-lobes,
and general conformation, but possess the hairy coat of the
silky fowl. Mr. H. Reese, of Bath, in 1851, imported five
specimens from Calcutta, but subsequently informed me that
during his eleven years residence in the east they were the
only silky birds of this description which he was able to pro-
cure, although no opportunity of research was left untried.
WHITE SILKY FOWLS OR SILKY BANTAMS.
These birds exhibit the appearance of having been de-
-scended from the Bantam race, although in some particulars
they differ much from that class. They are not adapted
to the climate of Great Britain, unless it be the southern
parts, damp and cold proving extremely injurious. The
average weight of the male is about two pounds and a
quarter, the hen one pound and three quarters; the former
stands thirteen inches in height, the latter eleven inches.
They are of compact form, and usually of a white plum-
age. ‘Their bones are of a very different complexion, and -
x
322 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
not exceptionally covered with a black or purple membrane
or periosteum. The skin is also of a similar hue, but the
flesh white, though usually unpalatable. The tail is
moderately plumed, whilst the legs, which are always short,
should be of a pale blue, and feathered on the outer side.
The comb may be found both double and single, and is of
a leaden cast, behind which rises a small crest; the face is
of a similar complexion, whilst the ear-lobes and beak are
pale green.
There exists another white variety possessing white skin
and bones, and red comb and gills, but in other respects
closely resembling the above. We do not, however, consider
them of pure descent.
Yellow or Nankin silky fowl.—This bird is of a dull yellow
plumage, and doubtless of Bantam affinity, in other respects
similar to the last-named variety.
Black silkies, Negroes, or Kaffirs ( Phasianus niger, Lath. )
are similar to the white silkies, save in the colour of their
plumage. ‘They are rather rare, and possess black hair,
skin, and legs, and a small crest behind the comb of the
same deep shade, whilst the membrane which covers the
bones is of a similar hue.
It is considered by some that the true Negro is nota silky
bird, but a black species possessing purple bones, skin,
comb, gills, and shanks, and having the ordinary feathery
plumage ; such, however, we have not yet seen.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
_Silkies are moderately productive, the average weight of
their eggs may be considered about one ounce and a half,
usually of a light cream colour, but the black silkies or
Negroes produce clear white eggs. They are excellent
incubators and careful mothers, but should not be thus
SILKY OR PERSIAN FOWLS. © 323
engaged anterior to the months of May or June, nor
later than July. The treatment requisite to be observed
in rearing Bantam chicks is ample for their propagation,
and the management required for keeping Bantam adults
is sufficient for silky fowls. But however, well they may
thrive, we trust their introduction into this country will be
but in limited numbers, and confined to the pens of the
amateur. Black skin is not by any means a prepossessing
envelop in the eyes of European epicures for a garnished
fowl, and however fine the flavour of the flesh, few will be
found to make a personal trial of its merits.
FRIZZLED OR FRIESLAND FOWLS.
ax Gallus Pennis Revolutis, of Linneus.—Gallus Crispus, of Brisson.—
_Phasianus Crispus, Lath.)
This fowl is found in Java, Sumatra, and the southern
parts of Asia, and is said to exist in a wild state in Ceylon.
324 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
The peculiarities of its coat consist in the feathers curling
the reverse way, and standing more or less erect in a ruffled
form. Ithas been asserted that they possess the advantage
of bringing their plumes close to their bodies in the event
of a shower of rain overtaking them—such is a fact, but it
is not peculiar to them, all fowls from Shanghae to Bantam
possess the same power, and invariably adopt this instrue-
tive precaution wher exposed to wet. The average weight
of frizzled fowls’ eggs is about two ounces. They are
good layers and mothers, whilst the chicks are by no
means delicate as is oft represented, neither do the adults
require more care than is usually bestowed upon ordinary
stock. ‘The flesh is very fair for quality, but from the size
of the bird, it is not so suitable for marketable purposes as
many other varieties of fow’.
There are several differently coloured varieties, some
smooth, some feather-legged. The average weight of the
male is about five pounds, the hen four pounds; the former
stands eighteen inches, and the latter fourteen inches in
height.
The head of both sexes is neat and sharp; comb bright
red and cupped, immediately behind which rise the curls
of the neck-hackle; wattles red and of moderate size;
ear-lobe whitish; beak well curved; legs blue; tail well
sickled in the male.
A frizzled variety of Bantam exists (as in the varieties
of the silky fowl) closely resembling the feathered Bantam
in every particular save in the frizzled character of its
plumage. We cannot regard either the silky or the friz-
zled plumage primary features, but believe them to have
been acquired by exceptional specimens of a race after
many generations of exposure to heat. Thus the hair of
men becomes woolly, and moreover curls strongly. Not
4
RUMPKINS OR TAIL-LESS FOWLS. 325
only have the silky and the frizzled been bred together,
but feathered poultry have in some instances been admixed
both at home and abroad, producing thereby specimens
such as frizzled Kaffirs and mongrels of singular appearance
but worthless properties.
RUMPKINS OR TAIL-LESS FOWLS.
(Gallus Ecaudatus, Timmerich.—Gallina Canda seu Wropygio Carens
Linneus.—Phasianus Ecaudatus, Lath.—Tail-less or Persian Cock
of Buffon.
Aldrovandi, who wrote more than two centuries since,
was well acquainted with this bird, and mentions it as the
Persian cock of some authors, and destitute of the tail.
Buffon. imagined certain fowls sent from England to Vir-
ginia having lost their tails on the journey (and in connexion
with the effects of heat), generated tail-less progeny, and so
gave rise to the breed in question. We need not mention
the unsoundness of this idea, as in other localities much
326 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
hotter fowls’ tails flourish. The extraction of the tail
feathers would not deprive the fowl of the last of the dorsal
vertebre of which the Rumpkin is deficient. The fact is
this bird is not only tail-less but rump-less, the base of the
tail being absent.
Timmerick asserts it is descended from the tail-less jungle
fowl of Ceylon, but this has been contradicted by travelling
naturalists who assert no tail-less fowls exist there, save
imported specimens called frizzled Kaffirs, which, as we
have already mentioned, are produced from the admixture
of the silky with the frizzled fowl. They possess the
frizzled plumage of the latter bird, and purple comb,
wattles, skin, and bones of the former.
We have received the following communication from B.
P. Brent, Esq., of Seven Oaks, relative to the rumpkin
fowl, which may be interesting to our readers :—* I found
the Rumpkin very common in the Rhine provinces of
Prussia, where they are designated Schottert or English
Hihner (3. e., Scotch or English fowls), simply because they
are devoid of tail, for the Germans smile at the English
for docking the tails of their horses, dogs, and sheep; also
at the Scotch Highland dress, and the English boys in
jackets. Whilst residing there. I collected the following
varieties, viz.—black, white, dun, buff, and speckled, but I
consider the brown or mottled-breasted reds and fawn-
coloured hens the purest variety, next to the black. The
other varieties I discovered, occasionally produced chickens
with tails.
“'The true Rumpkin is a short-legged, compact, plump
made fowl of medium size, and possessing a rose comb,
the saddle feathers of the male drop over behind. My
birds were excellent layers, and producers of larger eggs
than ordinary fowl.”
RUMPKINS OR TAIL-LESS FOWLS. 327
The white specimens usually possess yellow hackle and
saddle, and the remainder of the body more or less marked
with black. The comb is rose though sometimes single
and serrated; gills large and full; ear-lobe white, but
occasionally tinged with pink; head neat and sharp; legs
white or pale blue; average weight of the male five pounds
and a half, height eighteen inches. Hen four pounds and
three quarters, height fifteen inches. They are fair layers,
usually producing eggs of about two ounces and a half in
weight, moreover their flesh is white and of good flavour.
They are hardy, and the management bestowed upon other
poultry is ample for the requirements of both the chicken
and the adult.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
BARN-DOOR OR DUNGHILL FOWLS.
SPECIMENS thus denominated comprise differences of size,
shape, feather, and constitution. All heterogeneous breeds
and exceptionables, not conforming to any one of our recog-
nised classes, are designated as such. For instance—a
farmer procures a male bird of the Malay breed and six or
seven Dorking hens, with the issue in the ensuing breeding
season he places a Spanish cock, and after the lapse of a
few years of inter-breeding a Game fowl finds a walk
among them. In the autumn amongst the produce may be
observed specimens “ taking after” the original Dorkings,
others the Malay, and some the Spanish, whilst a few the
bright plumes of the Game fowl. It occurs some semble
the shape of the Malay, the colour of the Spanish, but
spirit of the Game, whilst others the coat of the Dorking,
shape of the Game, but demeanour of the Spanish. And
yet these specimens thus varying are all of the same breed.
Why then such differences ?
It is a notorious fact that in a brood of chicks from the
same mongrel bred parents, some assume the form of one
progenitor, whilst others the appearance of another. Two
specimens (male and female) are selected more resembling
the original Spanish bird than any other progenitor, but it
frequently occurs that amongst the offspring of these,
none are to be found resembling them, but birds only
‘
BARN-DOOR OR DUNGHILL FOWLS. 329
assuming the form and appearance of some anterior pre-
cursor or of an irregular combination. What, then, shall
we call such? Where are they most frequently seen?
Why near the barn-door, or in some mews in the vicinity
or upon the summit of a dunghill. We, therefore, consider
the name of dunghill or barn-door fowl no misnomer. Some
-dunghills are not thus heterogeneous in appearance ; but, as
we have already said, a fowl of many admixtures frequently
generates a specimen which assumes the semblance of
purity, but which is in reality equally heterogeneous as his
brethren which are of mixed and irregular features.
Not only have the four varieties already alluded to been
crossed upon ordinary stock, but the Shanghae, the Bantam,
and all intermediate classes have assisted to render the
- pedigree of the Dunghill beyond the means of man to
trace. It has been asserted that the productive powers of
this breed are superior to the select classes, and its consti-
tution more robust. Such, however, is at variance ‘with
facts. The purely bred Dorking and Spanish, for instance,
far surpass Dunghill fowls both as flesh and egg producers,
and the constitution of mongrels varies as much as the
several varieties of our select classes.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
FOWLS RECENTLY IMPORTED.
WitTHOUT pretending to sanction or dispute the terms
brought into requisition in the nomination of the following
specimens, we briefly add the description of such as have
been imported by the active exertions of Mr. Vivian, a
devoted Polish amateur.
THE BRAZILIAN FOWL.
This bird much resembles the Malay both in shape and
size, and in the glossiness of its feather, but possesses a
a beard. The male weighs about seven pounds, and is
usually of a dark plumage; and the female about five
pounds and a half. Their shanks are clean and of a
leaden hue, and their eggs of moderate size and of a deep
buff tint.
THE NORMANDY FOWL
Is a long-bodied crested bird, with full comb and wattles,
and possessing five white claws as in the Dorking, but a
blue shank. The colour of the plumage of both sexes
consists of speckles upon a dark ground, whilst the tail is
fully plumed.
THE JERUSALEM FOWL
Is of medium size—the average weight of the male being
about ‘five pounds and a half; the hen four pounds and
FOWLS RECENTLY IMPORTED. 331
three quarters. They are of good shape and elegant
figure, but incline to run long on the leg. The plumage
is usually of a speckled character including hackles, wings,
and tail. The hen is of a lighter hue. The comb treble-
fold towards the top but single at base, causing it to
fall aside. In the hen it usually resembles the Malay’s of
the same sex. Beak and ear-lobes white, but sometimes
tinged with pink ; legs clean and of a pale blue colour.
THE CREVE C@UR FOWL
Is a crested and bearded bird of which there are two
varieties. The male of the first weighs about seven pounds,
the hen five pounds—they are of compact form, and possess
the spiked comb as in the spangled Polish, but much
further developed. The ground of the male is black with
yellow crest, hackle, and saddle; the hen usually quite
black, whilst the legs are clean in both sexes.
The other variety is of slighter build, and an irregular
combination of black and white.
BRUGES FOWL
Is a blue dun bird without topknot, possessing clean blue
shanks and a small dull lead-coloured comb. The average
weight of the male is seven pounds ; hen six pounds and a
quarter, whilst their eggs exceed the average in size.
THE BREDA FOWL
Is a tall slim bird of black plumage and feathered legs,
full wattles, but devoid of comb. Average weight of the
male six pounds, hen five pounds. Their eggs are above
the average for weight, but frequently prove unprolific.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
THE MALABAR FOWL
Is doubtless of Malay origin, and resembles that breed in
size, carriage, and general conformation; the plumage and
hardness of feather, for which it is so notorious, is, however,
absent, whilst the head and breast also present considerable
differences.
(MODERN) PADUAN FOWLS.
The fowls bearing this name are not in any way allied
to the Paduans described by Aldrovandi, and considered
the progenitors of the Polish family, neither do they
resemble them in any feature. Why they should have
obtained such an appellative we, therefore, cannot imagine.
About twenty years since they were imported into this
country, but from whence we are unable satisfactorily
to discover. In shape they resemble small Dorkings, and
possess single combs and white legs, though sometimes blue
or olive. In plumage the male approaches the duckwing
Game cock, with red saddle, but usually exhibits a brown
breast. The tail is always ample and well sickled. They
are very productive, and the quality of the flesh is exquisite,
whilst as incubators they are peculiarly excellent.
THE PTARMIGAN OR GROUSE-FOOTED POLAND FOWL
Much resembles the Poland fowl, and possesses the top-
knot and well sickled tail, but differs from it inasmuch as
its shanks are heavily feathered and its comb cupped, which
render it very remarkable. They are of different hues,
but the white are of the greatest beauty and delicacy.
Insect food is preferred to grain, still on the latter they
thrive well. They are not very particularly hardy; but
still very productive.
SOR nahn ni ta sn ns nee en i NN ee
a oa Ne TT aes ne et RE TA
FOWLS RECENTLY IMPORTED. 333
THE CEYLON FOWL
Much resembles a first-class Shanghae in shape of body, \
head, comb, beak, ear-lobe, in the fluffiness of its feather, \
and shortness of its wings, but the average weight of the
male seldom exceeds four pounds and three quarters; nor
the hen four pounds. Their legs are very short and yellow,
and without feather; the tail is also short. Their plumage
comprises various shades of brown or chestnut, whilst each
feather of the hen is laced all round the exterior with white,
and in the interior with a smaller parallel white mark,
about the fifth of an inch from the outer lacing, rendering
each plume doubly laced. They are of extreme beauty,
and in some specimens the white gives place to black
lacings. ‘The male is considerably less marked than the
hen, as in the Hamburgh family.
AMERICAN FOWLS.
Americans are notorious for their love of crossing and
mongrelizing fowls, at least mongrelled birds are produced
either for experiment, or are the natural product of careless
breeding. For instance, Polands are matched with Spanish,
and the issue with Game fowls, and if the produce appear
sufficiently peculiar a name is simultaneously discovered,
and they are subsequently regarded as a distinct breed.
Dr. Bennett describes the pedigree of their Plymouth rock
fowl thus:— One-half Cochin China, one-fourth fawn
coloured Dorking, one-eighth great Malay, and one-eighth
wild Indian.” 3
It is, moreover, evident that several of our fowls become
recognised by different names when subject to American
importation.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
GENERATION.
THE male, from his salacious propensities, when subjected
to domestication seldom lives beyond ten or eleven years,
but in a wild state we think it probable he exceeds
that age.
.. For breeding and sustaining stock four or five hens are
ample for one male bird; but if eggs be the only object
twenty may be allowed. Hens will indeed lay abundantly
without his presence, for the eggs grow and increase natur-
ally on the ovary without being fecundated, still his com-
pany is required for their protection. In France, as egos
are produced principally for exportation, twenty or more
hens are usually allowed to accompany their polygamous
mate.
One impregnation, if effective, injects the vital spark to
the whole batch of eges, so that if a hen be placed with her
mate seven or eight days before laying, and removed from
him after one egg is deposited in the nest, the whole of her
first clutch proves prolific, even to the last, but the first and
remainder of her second clutch unprolific. Between these
two clutches from ten to fifteen days usually elapse. I
consider any impregnation effected during the first clutch
in no way effects the second, so that were the male removed
one or two days previous to the deposit of the last egg of
the first clutch, the second would prove unprolific. As a
STRUCTURE OF EGGS AND OVARIUM. 885
general rule if the male be removed during the first clutch
no egg of the second should be selected for incubation.
STRUCTURE OF EGGS AND OVARIUM.
All birds which conceive organic bodies, or eggs covered
with a hard porous texture or shell, are termed oviparous
animals, whilst such as produce completely formed progeny
in a state of active exercise are designated viviparous. We
annex Mr. Dickson’s description of the structure of eggs
in a concise form :—“ Upon opening the body of a laying
hen rudiments of eggs may be observed from twenty to
one hundred or more, from the size of a pin’s head to that
of a horse chestnut. This egg cluster is termed the ovarium,
and the rudimental eggs ova, the latter have no shell or
white which are acquired in an after stage, but consist
wholly of yolk, on whose surface the germ of the future
chick lies; both the yolk and the germ being wrapped
- round with a very thin membrane. When the rudimental
egg, still attached to the ovarium, becomes larger and larger
and arrives at a certain size, it becomes detached and falls
into a funnel leading to the oviduct. Here the yoke, hitherto
imperfectly formed puts on its mature appearance of a thick
yellow fluid, whilst the embryo is white. The white of the
egg now becomes diffused around the yoke, but is prevented
from mixing with it, and the embryo chick by the thin
membrane which surrounds them. A second membrane
enveloping the yoke and the germ of the chick is thickest
at the two ends, having bulgings and ligaments attached
which pass through the white at each side, and being em-
bedded in the white, keep the enclosed yolk and germ in a
fixed position, and prevent them from rolling within the
egg when moved. The white of the egg being thus formed,
a double membrane much stronger than either of the first
336 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
two is formed around it, and becomes attached to the liga-
ments of the second membrane, which keeps all the parts
in their relative positions. During the progress of these
EGG CLUSTER OR OVARIUM
formations the egg advances about half-way along the
oviduct. It is still destitute of the shell which begins to
be formed as soon as the outer layer of the third membrane
has been completed. When the shell is fully formed the
egg continues to advance along the oviduct till the hen goes
to her nest and lays it. From ill health or accident eggs
are sometimes excluded from the oviduct before the shell
is formed, and in this state they are termed oon or wind
eggs. Reckoning from the shell inward there are six
PRESERVATION OF EGGS. 337
different envelopes. 1. The shell. 2. The external layer
of the membrane, lining the shell. 3. The internal layer
of the same lining. 4. The white, composed of a thinner
liquid on the outside, and a thicker and more yellowish
liquid on the inside. 5. The chalaziferous membrane.
6. The proper membrane.
One important part of the egg is the air bag which is
placed at the larger end, between the shell and its lining
membranes. It is about the size of the eye of a small bird
in new-laid eggs, but increases as much as ten times in the
process of incubation. ‘This bag is of such great importance
to the development of the chick, that if the blunt end of
the egg be pierced with the point of the smallest needle it
cannot be hatched. Instead of one rudimental egg falling
from the ovarium two may be detached, and will be enclosed
in the same shell, when it becomes double-yoked. The
shell chiefly consists of carbonate of lime similar to chalk,
with a small quantity of phosphate of lime and animal
mucus. The white of an egg is composed of eighty parts
of water, fifteen of albumen, and four of mucus, besides
giving traces of soda, benzoic acid, and sulphuretted
hydrogen gas. It is a very feeble conductor of heat,
retarding its escape and preventing its entrance to the
yolk, averting thereby the fatal chills which might occur
in hatching, when the hen leaves her eggs from time to
time in search of food.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS.
The shell of the egg being porous, a greater escape of
moisture from the interior is effected during warm than
cold weather; eggs may, therefore, be preserved a much
longer period during the latter than the former season. To
prevent this evaporation various means have been devised,
Y
4
il
iN
:
a DSSS
338 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
such as the application of oil or varnish to the shell. Those
varnished by M. Réaumur are said to have kept sound for
more than twelve months. A convenient and excellent
method is to anoint them thoroughly with lard (a small piece
of the size of a bean will be found ample for half a dozen),
when they may be packed in a dry barrel of salt, or in very
thick lime water.
Eggs intended for incubation should not receive any
preparation whatever upon their shells, but be imbedded in
sweet bran, in the same position as left in the hen’s nest
(i. ¢., upon their sides), and gently turned each day, so that
the uppermost part one day be the lowest the next. . They
should be as fresh as possible, and all exceeding twenty-one
days’ old excluded. They should never be placed in actual
contact with any earthenware or glass vessel, nor be allowed
to rest one upon the other. .
It is a well known fact that the produce of hens which
have been deprived of the company of the male retain their
sweetness double and even treble the time of ordinary egos,
and this is not overlooked by exporters in the present day.
When exposed to jolting they should be placed with the
blunt end upwards, as in that position the tissue of the yolk
is not so likely to become displaced. If afresh ege be held
between the candle and the eye with the blunt end upper-
most, the vacuum or air bag will be observed at the top, of
about the size of a pea. Each day this becomes larger, and
at the end of fourteen days, if it be compared with that of
a fresh egg, a considerable difference will be perceived.
INCUBATION.
After laying from thirteen to eighteen eggs the natural
instinct of the hen induces her to officiate in her maternal
INCUBATION. 339
capacity, but the deprivation of man in removing her
produce as laid, causes her to generate more than would
be otherwise the case were they left in the nest, and
therefore to postpone this instinctive desire until her last
is conceived. ~
A hen by accident sometimes breaks an egg and there-
upon consumes it, and finding it agreeable to her palate
becomes prone to attack all that come before her. By placing
her in confinement for twenty-four hours upon half rations,
with a supply of three or four well made marble or chalk
egos, a cure has oft been effected—for, after innumerable
attacks upon them, she is compelled to desist, and seldom
- yesumes her unnatural habit. Previous to her release she
should be well supplied with soft food, or hunger may tempt
her into a like error. But the best method is to boil an
ege for about twenty minutes, peel off the shell in several
places, and present the former to her entire. Her vicious
propensity leads her immediately to the attack, and a severely
burnt throat is the result, after which she seldom if ever
commits the same offence. We are supposing her to
be a valuable hen and worth this trouble, but if she
be merely of ordinary quality she cannot too soon be
handed over to the cook.
The sitting hen is soon known by her irritable demeanour,
the bristling of her feathers, drooping of her wings, her
peculiar and continuous clucking note, and by the deter-
mination which she manifests to occupy any position where
she discovers eges, or even the empty nest. To revert this
desire many means have been devised (see page 46). The
hen selected for incubation should not be a pullet, but a
two-year old hen, full bodied, short legged, and having full
compass of wing. She should be allowed to remain in the
nest for two or three days, after which time, if she still sits
340 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
closely, from eleven to thirteen eggs may be given, accord-
ing to her size (for particulars respecting the preparation
of nest, &c., see page 48).
After the eggs are deposited beneath the hen, they should
not be disturbed or peeped at during their term of durance,
which is twenty-one days. Fresh eggs are usually hatched
on the twentieth day, whilst such as are stale occupy the
full period of twenty-one, and sometimes a few hours in
addition. ‘The hen vacates her nest once in twenty-four
hours for about fifteen to twenty minutes when she re-
plenishes exhausted nature, whilst in winter or cold weather
her stay seldom exceeds ten minutes. If by any means the
eggs become thoroughly cold after the fourth day they prove
unprolific, but when once blood circulates within and the
chicks possess life, warmth is retained for a considerable
period. Upon one occasion, on the eighteenth day of in-
cubation, a hen belonging to the author was by accident
excluded from her nest for nearly two hours, but upon the
arrival of the twenty-first morning a full brood was dis-
covered beneath her wings. Such, however, is a dangerous
method of incubation.
The embryo chick is deposited beneath the membrane
which surrounds the yoke, and as incubation advances so
its organic structure is developed, but immediately the heart
beats, animal life is imparted. The white of the ege is
first absorbed as nourishment for the bird, and afterwards
the yolk.
At the end of the 1st day the head and spine partially
unite.
2nd day, the first apophysis of the vertebra and the
heart appear; in 8 hours more two vesicles of blood.
3rd day, the brain, bill, neck, and breast exhibit the
process of organization.
PROCESS OF INCUBATION. 341
4th day, the heart becomes more complete, and pulsa-
tion is perceptible; the eyes are in formation, and the
wings increase. é
5th day, the liver and the flesh exhibit some consistence.
6th day, the stomach, loins, and intestines appear; in 10
hours more the spinal marrow and the outer skin.
7th day, the brain expands, and the bill becomes more
perfectly formed. :
8th day, the bill opens and shuts, and two ventricles of
the heart appear.
9th day, the lungs are observable.
10th day, the breast bone, ribs, and organization is
approaching completion, but the bones are still gelatinous.
iith day, size further developed, and the feathers shoot.
12th day, the ribs are now more solid, and the first animal
motion is observed, all the arteries now unite to the heart,
and development of the whole organization is in gradual
progress. Upon holding an egg which has been subjected
to twelve days’ incubation between the eye and the candle
in a dark apartment, all such as are prolific are opaque
and dark in the interior, whilst poor or addled eggs are
transparent. |
14th day, the lungs and chest are now fully developed.
15th day, the bones become much more solid, and the
feathers shoot rapidly. |
17th day, the yoke which has hitherto formed a separate
body from the bird now enters the abdomen, when the chick
becomes fully. developed. ‘
18th day, the first cry is heard; the bill and limbs move
frequently ; after this the chick acquires more and more
strength until he is enabled to burst forth from his
prison walls, which he usually effects at the end of the
20th day.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
POSITION OF THE CHICK WITHIN THE SHELL PREVIOUS TO EXCLUSION.
The chick after repeatedly striking the shell with his
beak produces a crack, which at length he breaks into an
aperture, when a few struggling motions divide it into two
parts, and he is excluded, without any assistance whatever
from the hen. (See page 113.) Some are more robust
than others, and break their way through in a much
shorter period. The difference in the texture of the shell
also renders it more or less difficult, but a vigorous bird
never requires assistance.
As before stated, we much disapprove interfering with
the natural process of incubation, but there are times when
the chick, unable to make progress in his cell, requires
assistance before he can escape. If the crack or aperture
made with the beak do not increase, but remain the same
for twelve hours together, a few small pieces of the shell
around may be gently removed with the nail. If at length
he be excluded with a few pieces upon his back, it is
best to allow them to remain, as in a few days they usually
fall off without the application of means; if not a little
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION. 343
warm water will dissolve the substance which detains them.
But thus to assist the chick from confinement necessitates
a peep beneath the hen. Now this is decidedly objection-
able, and in nine cases out of ten far more mischief occurs
from disturbing her, than is compensated for by the escape
of the weakly bird, which, in our opinion, had far better
expire within the shell than a few days after his exclusion.
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION.
This art has long been practised in China and Egypt; in
the former country immense quantities of eggs are still
annually hatched for the supply of the table, but in
the latter the number is greatly on the decrease. (M.
Réaumur signalized himself by the success of his experi-
ments, and appears to have made considerable progress in
the art.) In 1496 Charles the VIII. of France possessed
a hatching oven at Amboise, and about the same period the
English became acquainted with the scientific method of
incubation, although its application was seldom resorted to.
M. Réaumur’s method has been much improved by several
experimentalists, whose endeavours have been to follow
more closely the natural process. The principle of M.
Cantelo’s hydro-incubator is indeed far superior to any
hitherto in use. The degree of heat to which the eggs are
subjected is 106°, that bemg ascertained to be the blood
head of the sitting hen, and not 96° or 98° as formerly
supposed. To the performance of this process the most
important feature lies in sustaining an unvarying tempera-
ture. In former experiments the heat was generated from
below the eggs, but to follow more closely the natural pro-
cess, M. Cantelo’s method provides heat above by means of
hot water which is placed over the egg trays, glass being
the only separation, whilst air is admitted from beneath.
/
344 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Be it remembered the hen departs from her nest once in
twenty-four hours, for the space of about fifteen or twenty
minutes, for the purpose of supplying nature’s requirements,
when the eggs are exposed to a free circulation of air. The
egos are, therefore, removed from the incubator for a similar
period, and turned three times each day. By this process,
out of every hundred eggs, seventy-five chicks upon an
average are excluded.
Some have supposed malformed chicks are more fre-
quently produced by artificial than by natural incubation,
and that by the former process the instinct of incubation is
not transmitted to the birds. But the fact is, where hundreds
of chicks are continually hatching, as at Leicester Square,
it would be strange were no malformed birds generated.
But private individuals producing annually but two or three
broods seldom see such irregularities, for obvious reasons.
If the process were not sufficiently complete to produce per-
fect specimens it would not produce living ones. (Malforma-
tions are the result of a totally different cause, see page 316.) |
It must be allowed mothers are required for the little
orphans as soon as hatched, and many skilful methods have
been devised for producing artificial nurses, but in this
branch, art can never equal nature. The scratching of the
hen, the exercise thus called into play, and the change of —
scene and diet thereby procured cannot be equalled. The
best method is, therefore, to transfer them to the care
of the natural rearing agent, and allow them to run beneath’
her protecting wings. But in this country, from reasons
previously stated, no mother can properly provide for more
than twelve or thirteen chicks, and if fancy birds, that
number must be considerably reduced. (See page 110.)
But we ask, why should she not also hatch them? and
where are there a sufficiency of mothers to rear the chicks
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIVERS GRAIN, ETC. 345
produced by a large circulation of incubators? We are
compelled to say that the sanguine hopes entertained by
some that artificial incubation would ensure means for
rendering poultry procurable by the multitude at a cheaper
rate—if not like counting chickens before they are hatched,
is most certainly counting fowls before they are reared.
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIVERS GRAIN, ETC., AS FOOD.
Since the varieties of grain differ as much from each other
in their effects as substances of a totally distinct class, it
becomes necessary to appropriate certain sorts for special
purposes or for the use of peculiar seasons. or instance,
wheat, barley, oatmeal, barley meal, and Indian corn pro-
duce flesh, though the last more frequently fat and warmth.
Beans and peas also produce flesh, but are very heating
to the blood. All starchy substances impart warmth.
Bran, coarse middlings, and the husk of most grain generate
bone and muscle, and are cooling to the blood, whilst veget-
ables are still more cooling, but relaxing.
Wheatcontains 17lbs. per cent.offlesh-producing substance.
Si. cospe: linet: Cetarcks
4 sicompet ea corsisols
Is less nutritious that oatmeal, whilst its price renders it
without the circumference of poultry economy.
Barley contains 14 lbs. per cent. of flesh.
60 ox gan sad ddbarebic
24 oy) 29 99 oil.
Is always relished by poultry, and forms (with other diet)
the cheapest grain in the long run.
Oats contain 19 Ibs. per cent. of flesh. |
6c oc g9eigsals ap” 2astaxchs
Lstikies Dorie Cosas
Oats, as a change, prove very beneficial, but are usually
= =
a eee
a
346 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
neglected by fowls where barley can be obtained. Oatmeal,
on the contrary, 1s eagerly devoured, and is extremely
nutritious, whilst groats, as food for young chickens, we
cannot too strongly recommend.
Rye is seldom cared for after a few days, neither can we
commend it as food for poultry.
Indian corn contains 12 lbs. per cent. of flesh.*
PR 4 ee See
Sucka igpersh
We much disapprove of this substance, more fat than flesh
being produced by its usage.
Rice contains 7 lbs. per cent. of flesh.
BGoct= perryrt ad * ebaaeclay
Ge yg? ypecesge orl
Ys not by any means a nourishing diet for fowls, but for
chicks it forms a beneficial change, especially when relaxed.
(For preparing, &c., see page 50.)
Beans and peas contain large quantities of flesh producing
substance, but are heating to the system, and thereby in-
duce many diseases. (See page 61.)
' Hempseed is very injurious if given in large quantities,
producing excessive production for a time, but gradual
decline. (See also page 122.)
Coarse middlings, pollard, and bran, are extremely useful
when given in suitable proportions. One meal a day of
the following will be found very beneficial :—One peck
of coarse middlings to half a peck of barleymeal, with as
much boiling water or pot liquor as will render the whole
a thick crumbling mass, or instead of middlings the same
weight of pollard or bran may be used.
Steamed potatoes, as a change, are much relished, and
when cheap prove very useful.
* Liebig.
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIVERS GRAIN, ETC. 347
For fowls that live in close confinement steamed grain
may be given with advantage, but the plain raw material
is a far more natural and suitable diet for birds at liberty,
unless they be intended for culinary purposes.
It becomes requisite to observe the many maladies that
are induced into the poultry yard, either by the injudicious
use of appropriate substances as food, or by the supply of
improper diet. ° Many persons resort to troughs or boxes for
supplying their pets, but by this method the fowl swallows
the grain too rapidly, and in a few minutes the crop becomes
full; thus, in a short space of time, is devoured that which
should have occupied one or two hours. Not only so, the
fowl that eats so quickly requires the more food, for he
is not satisfied with so short a “ play at peck.” Ina wild
state the grains first found have swollen long before the crop
becomes full, but by the mode of feeding here alluded to
he becomes replete with dry grain in a few minutes, which,
when swollen, causes much uneasiness, and induces him to
mope about. Thus he is exposed to internal inflammation,
and external cold and cramp, he becomes useless as a mate,
and valueless as a guardian. The hens thus fed become
fat, and at length rheumatic and unproductive. Therefore
- instead of filling boxes with grain it should be scattered as
far as possible all round, amongst rubbish, grass, hay, straw,
or stubble, and thus furnish amusement for hours. .
The use of greaves and butchers’ scraps, resorted to by
many to induce production, is very improper as regular
food, granivorous animals not being supplied with digestive
organs for such a commodity. (See page 121 and 122.)
The use of flesh, moreover, induces pugnacity, more
especially during the moulting season.
If by any accident a fowl has been kept fasting a few
hours beyond the usual time, instead of endeavouring to
oat Seep eee —— eee ——— = — soenceberorneevsancoe — — = : = = ne = aon — ” — Se oer a= oe Sn ce
348 . FERGUSON ON FOWL.
make up for neglect by giving an extra allowance, it becomes
necessary either to divide his meal into three or four parts
and allow one portion each ensuing hour, or to provide him
with a moderate allowance of soft food. (For general
feeding see pages 102 and 103.)
ORGANS OF DIGESTION.
Fowls having but little taste, distinguish their food mainly
by the eye and the organs of scent. Their diet is swallowed
whole, and conveyed by the gullet to the crop or craw
immediately below the breast bone, which performs the
same functions as the first stomach of the ox. By means
of a mucous matter separated from the glands it becomes
macerated, and passes into a cavity analogous to the second
stomach of that animal, and becomes partly dissolved by
means of a diluting fluid. It then passes into the gizzard
which comspensates for the absence of teeth. This organ
is composed of very firm and dense muscles, lined with a
rough fibrous membrane, which increases in strength and
roughness with age; it forms a grinding apparatus and
presents two surfaces which work upon one another, the
food being between. A number of rough stones, which
are invariably swallowed by fowls when at liberty, are de-
posited in the gizzard and promote trituration, Although
when deprived of the opportunity of obtaining them they
are capable of digesting their food, still it is found that
hard grain is less perfectly dissolved than is the case with
those birds which have the full liberty of procuring these
stony substances. It is, therefore, requisite that they be
supplied with gravel. ‘The cavity of the gizzard is small,
here the food is reduced to a pulp, and becomes further
diluted by the gastric juice. It then passes into the first,
and then into the small intestines, where the chyle or nutri-
CAPONIZING. 349
‘ tious parts are absorbed by minute cavities or vein mouths,
and the refuse is discharged into the vent gut. The urine
of fowls passes into the same channel direct from the
kidneys, and becomes ejected with the dung.
CAPONIZING.
We may be censured by some (perhaps too delicate) for
favouring this practice, upon the ground that it is no less
useless than inhuman. We trust a few words will suffice
to show that the former is at variance with accuracy, whilst,
if the latter supposition be correct, it becomes indisputably
evident that the operation performed upon the bull and the
ram is equally cruel,although acknowledged imperative. If
the object be the production of flesh at a great diminution in
expenditure, and the most humane expedients known are
resorted to, whilst a great probability of accomplishing the
object is evident, such line of action cannot be condemned
as an infringement of the dictates of rational humanity.
Some have supposed the introduction of the Shanghae into
the poultry-yard, sufficient to render the process unneces-
sary. But it strikes us forcibly, if a well fed Shanghae
and a Dorking capon were served up to table, the former
would be deserted, and our worthy friends we imagine
would not be the last to turn tail to their creed.
The art of caponizing has been pursued by the Chinese
for an unknown period, and in France most successfully
for many years, whilst in England its practice is limited
to three or four counties. The effects of castration upon
both sexes are prodigious, rendering the male tame,
peaceful, contented, and averse to the society of the hens.
He grows and takes flesh rapidly, and attains an enormous
size, whilst his flesh becomes white, succulent, and juicy.
He never acquires a powerful voice, but appears to delight
350 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
only in eating, drinking, and sleeping. In France the
operation is usually performed by the farmers’ wives,
when the birds have reached the age of three months, but
as much before July as possible; it is very simple, and
requires no other instrument than a sharp penknife and a
pair of scissors. Birds which are naturally large are usually
selected for the purpose. Dorkings, for instance, are
admirably adapted.
The bird is placed upon his back with his head in a down-
ward inclination, and tail towards operator. The feathers
should then be removed from the place of operation described
below. In the middle of the flank, between the vent and
the end of the breastbone, an incision is made with a sharp
penknife, about one inch and a half in length, the skin and
muscles are thereby cut through, but the intestines care-
fully avoided. The forefingers are then introduced, having
been previously anointed with fresh butter, and the intes-
tines gently pushed aside, when the testicles are carefully
extracted by clipping with a pair of scissors the cord that
detainsthem. Little or no blood flows externally from the
wound, but the incision is immediately anointed with fresh
butter, and stitched up with a silken thread. The bird is
then introduced into a warm and dry compartment without
perch, and fed upon soft food, and in a few days if he
appears well, which is usually the case if the operation has
been skilfully performed, he is turned into the common
walk.
Be it remembered it is far better to procure the assist-
ance of an experienced hand, than run the risk of killing
or even causing the bird any unnecessary pain. ‘One prac-
tical lesson being ample for the guidance of any person
of moderate capabilities.
We need scarcely add, that Columellus was in error in
EXPENSES AND RETURNS, ETC. 351
supposing that the truncation of the spurs, and the appli-
cation of a hot iron and fullers’ earth to the injured parts,
were sufficient to destroy the generative powers.
Caponsare occasionally employed in bringing up chickens,
which, after considerable discipline, they effect with won-
derful care and success. The feathers are plucked from
their breasts, and the latter stung with nettles; chickens
are then placed beneath them for the purpose of rendering
‘a partial relief by comforting the irritated parts, thus
engendering feelings of cordiality on the part of the capon.
But so many accidents occur—so many chicks are killed
by blows or trampling before the bird is subdued and taught
his duty—whilst the means employed are so cruel that we
are unable to enter more minutely into the subject.
EXPENSES AND RETURNS WITH STATISTICAL ACCOUNTS.
So much depends upon the circumstances under which
poultry are domiciled that it would be useless entering into
minute details upon such an ever varying result; neverthe-
less, one remark may yet be made. If fowls be kept where
they are capable of procuring half their sustenance abroad,
or where the family scraps furnish a considerable portion,
they may be made to answer well. If, on the other hand,
they be domiciled in close quarters and entirely dependant _
upon hand supplies, the profits will be considerably less ;
still, by judicious management and economy, no trifling ad-
dition to the little comforts of the cottager will yet result
from the careful keeping of a few good birds. Whilst if
purely fancy specimens be kept, the owner must consider
the pleasure resulting from his occasional survey, in addition
to their moderate returns, amply remunerative. But if
negligence in the poultry yard be permitted—if specimens
valueless as fancy or farm stock be detained, and interbreed-
saree a -
352 - FERGUSON ON FOWL.
ing continue, he must not be surprised at aloss. (See pages
39 to 44, 55 and 56, 73, and 74.)
The, returns of exports and imports present a striking
aspect of the importance of the ege trade, and exhibit the
wonderful effects produced by a just regard being bestowed
upon small things.
A statement furnished by the Secretary to the City of
Dublin Steam-packet Company, is to the following effect:
— The number of eggs shipped by that company for Lon-
don, during the year 1844-5, was 11,536,200. About the
same number was shipped by the British and Irish Company
—making 23,072,400; to Liverpool 25,566,500, making a
total from Dublin alone to the two ports of London and
‘Liverpool, of 48,638,900, the value of which, at the rate
of 5s. 6d. per every 124, gives a sum amounting to about
£107,900; and since this return the export of eggs has
enormously increased. Assuming the export of Dublin to
be equal to one-fourth of all Ireland, we have £431,600
as the value of this branch of commerce to Ireland—show-
ing also an increase of four-fold since 1835. The same
returns show that in 1848 the export of eggs was nearly a
MILLION STERLING.
No return has been kept of the number or value of the
poultry that have, living or dead, been exported from Ire-
land; but it has been ascertained, beyond all possibility
of doubt, that this branch of commerce has been, of late
years, greatly on the increase—a natural consequence of the
introduction of the superior foreign varieties of fowl—a cir-
cumstance due in its turn to the patronage of the valuable
and highly praiseworthy societies for the improvement of
poultry.”
The following returns of Mr. Legrand are worthy of
regard :—* In 1813, the number of eggs exported from
STATISTICAL ACCOUNT. 353
France was 1,754,140. Between 1816 and 1822, the
number exported rose rapidly from 8,733,000 to 55,717,500;
and in 1834, the number had increased to 90,441,600. In
1835, 76,190,120 were exported to England; 60,800 for
Belgium ; 49,696 for the United States; 49,260 for Swit-
zerland; 34,800 for Spain; and 306,304 to other parts of
the world. The total amount of the exportations for that
year was 3,828,284 francs. The consumption in Paris is
calculated at 1153 eggs per head, or 101,012,400. The
consumption in other parts of France may be reckoned at
double this rate, as, in many parts of the country, dishes
composed of eggs and milk are the principal items in all the
meals. The consumption of eggs for the whole of France,
including the capital, is estimated at 7,231,160,000. Add
to this number those exported, and those necessary for
reproduction, and it will result that 7,380,925,000 eggs
were produced in France during the year 1835.”
In the Board of Trade returns of imports for the months
ending September 5th, the number of eges stated to be
imported, are 8,819,859 for 1848; 8,434,831 for 1849;
and 9,108,438 for 1850; while for the eight months ending
September 5th, 1850, they number 81,081,745.
As Mr. Nolan justly remarks—* The question is, should
we sit down quietly with these facts before us, and permit
France to put into her pocket £150,000 annually which
might be returned to Great Britain, if her gentry would
but promote and encourage the breeding and rearing of
poultry among her cottagers at home?” We trust and
confidently predict that the harmonious working of con-
temporary poultry associations will effect this desirable
object, by extending the domain of poultry in general,
and by improving the quality.
Z
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
DISEASES OF POULTRY.
A DISEASED FOWL.
ALTHOUGH we have in various parts of this work described
with considerable minuteness the symptoms of those dis-
eases to which domestic fowls are liable, and pointed out
the remedies which have been found the most efficacious
in curing them, still it is deemed advisable, before we
conclude, to give, in a connected form, a succint physio-
logical and pathological view of those maladies, in order to
prove that the mode of treating them here prescribed is
rational. All diseases are traceable to irregularities in the
circulation of the blood; and, since this is peculiarly vigorous
in the feathered tribes, it is obvious that anything which
tends to subvert or disturb its equable distribution through
the various tissues and organs of the body, affects them
with corresponding severity. |
DISEASES OF POULTRY. 355
One of the most fertile causes of disease.in fowls consists
in their being exposed to cold and moisture, because these
influences tend to benumb the sentient extremities of the
cutaneous nerves, and consequently to obstruct the blood
in its passage through the minute arteries of the skin, the
due action of which depends upon the normal condition of
those nerves.
Confinement in dirty and badly ventilated coops is also
very destructive of the health of fowls. Want of exercise
slackens the action of the heart; and impure air, the necessary
concomitant of dirt, exercises a depressing influence over
the nervous system at large, which imparts a malignant
character to disease that can never be wholly eradicated.
Dirt engenders disease not only by offering a material
obstruction to the secretion of the skin, but also by the
depressing influence of its morbid effluvia upon the fine
system of nerves so abundantly distributed over the surface
of the air passages and air cells of the lungs. The mucous
membrane which lines the alimentary canal from the mouth
to the vent, is often dangerously affected by the same
causes, besides being specially lable to the injurious influ-
ence of improper diet. But it is not the lungs and
digestive organs only that suffer from the effects of cold,
moisture, dirt, and improper diet; the brain and spinal
marrow are peculiarly liable to be affected by them; and
the skin is subject to become diseased from the like causes.
The diseases of poultry may be most conveniently
classed under the following heads :-—
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.—Apoplexy,
paralysis, vertigo or megrims or giddiness, lateral curvature
of the tail.
Diseases of the lungs and air passages.—Catarrh, bron-
chitis, roup, gapes, pip, consumption or phthisis, asthma.
356 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Diseases of the digestive organs.—Distended crop, gas-
tritis or inflammation of the stomach, diarrhea, dysentery,
constipation.
Diseases of the ovarium and egg passage.—Inflammation
of the egg passage—oon or soft eggs.
Diseases of the shin.— W hite speckled comb, inflammation
of the rump gland, corns, vermin, moulting, hatching fever.
Diseases of the limbs, fractures, &c.— Cramp, rupture of
the foot, rheumatism, gout, cankered mouth, mutilated gills
and comb, broken beak, broken legs, starvation.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
APOPLEXY.
Symptoms.—<A bird in apparent health falls: suddenly to
the ground, and is found either dead or deprived of sensation
and the power of motion.
The immediate cause of apoplexy consists in the burst-
ing of a blood vessel in the brain. Its remote cause arises
from whatever tends to obstruct the due circulation of the
blood in other parts of the body. Over feeding, especially
if the food be stimulating, is a frequent cause of apoplexy ;
for diet which is too stimulating quickens the heart’s action,
and a superabundance of it causes indigestion, and indiges-
tion undoubtedly retards the return of the blood te the
heart. Hence the vessels of the brain become gorged with
blood; and this disease is the result of the breaking of some
of the smaller ones.
The violent straining which sometimes accompanies the
exclusion of the ege renders apoplexy most common in
laying hens; for such efforts offer a mechanical obstruction
to the circulation of the blood.
“HRD a tetas oe
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN, ETC. 357
Treatment.—To afford a chance of recovery from an
attack of apoplexy it is essential to lessen the quantity of
blood in the head as soon as possible. For this purpose the
application of a few leeches to the upper part of the neck
has been recommended; but the opening of a vein near
the head, or the large vein under the wing, affords a still
better chance of succeeding. The operator should place
his thumb upon the vein between a longitudinal opening
made by a lancet or sharp penknife and the body of the
fowl. The blood returning to the heart bemg thus —
obstructed will flow through the opening in the vein.
Should the fowl recover it must be kept in quietude, and
fed only upon light food. But, though bleeding has been
found efficacious, it must not be supposed that a cure can
be effected when any portion of the brain has been dis-
organized by the effusion of blood upon its delicate structure.
It is only when the fit is caused by general turgescence of
the veins, without the bursting of minute arteries, that
hopes of recovery can be entertained. (See page 61.)
PARALYSIS.
_ Symptoms.—W ant of sensation and the power of motion
in the limbs.
This disease proceeds from the same cause as apoplexy,
and only differs in degree. The same remedies should,
therefore, be resorted to. (See also page 62.)
“ VERTIGO” OR MEGRIMS OR GIDDINESS
Is another malady symptomatic of lesions of the brain
and its membranes or coverings, and carries with it much
interest. :
In this disease, fowls are not, as in paralysis, deprived of
the power of moving their limbs, but the capability of con-
me
wit.
Ve
ni
§
Hi
a. ms
f
eS ast $i TERN RE
358 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
trolling their motions is lost. They run round in a circle
or in a zigzag course. Sometimes they move away from
the object which they desire to reach—they go to the left
when they wish to turn to the right, and to the right instead
of the left. They sometimes go backwards instead of for-
wards. In others the movements are slow, indolent, and
unsteady.
The brains of fowls affected in this manner have been ex-
amined by M. Flourens, the celebrated French physiologist.
In one that was slow in its movements, and whose legs
instantly gave way when it endeavoured to stand erect, he
found the sinus which receives the contents of the veins of
the brain gorged with blood. The lobes of the cerebrum
were of their natural colour, but the cerebellum was of a
rose tint with a number of red spots on its surface as though
occasioned by the prick of a pin.
In another, whose symptoms were more severe, M.
Flourens found a quantity of clear water under the dura
mater, or the investing membrane of the brain, while the
cerebellum was yellowish, with rust-coloured streaks on its
surface, and in the centre a mass of purulent coagulated
matter as large as a horse bean, contained in a cavity, the
sides of which were very thin and smooth.
It will be seen that the severity of the symptoms in this
disease was in proportion to the deepseatedness of the lesion
of the cerebellum. The morbid appearances observed in
these cases were obviously the result of inflammation, since
those occurring in apoplexy arise from congestion. The
deprivation of sense and voluntary motion in apoplexy takes
place because the delicate nervous structure is suddenly
injured, whilst in the diseases just described it becomes,
m some degree, habituated to the gradual incursion of
inflammation.
DISEASES OF THE LUNGS, ETC. 359
Treatment.—Bleeding, aperient medicines, and light food
are frequently efficacious when resorted to at an early
period of the disease.
Young fowls are sometimes affected by weakness of the
legs. They sink upon their hocks after standing for a short
time, and occasionally are unable to rise; but care must be
taken that this affection be not confounded with paralysis.
Since the appetite becomes impaired by want of proper
exercise some tonics might be given with great advantage.
The administration of from three to five grains of citrate of
iron daily may be recommended, together with a due supply
of nutritious food, such as oatmeal or barleymeal, and a
little chopped meat.
LATERAL CURVATURE OF THE TAIL.
At page 64 the causes of this affection with its remedy
have been noticed. Here it may be added that the spinal
marrow has probably been strained at its lower extremity,
and paralysis of the muscles of one side of the tail is the result.
DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND AIR
PASSAGES.
CATARRH.
Symptoms.— A. watery or viscid discharge from the
nostrils, and swelling of the eyelids, caused by exposure to
cold and moisture.
Remedy.—Removal to a dry, warm situation, and a
supply of food that is nutritious and sligthly aperient, but
not stimulating.
BRONCHITIS.
Symptoms.—A. rattling in the throat, caused by an
accumulation of mucous, which the fowl partially removes
by coughing.
Se
=e
ai 3 onal f
360 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Treatment.—Removal to a warm and dry apartment,
with diet which tends to subdue inflammatory action.
ROUP.
Symptoms.—In its first stage it resembles severe catarrh ;
but the discharge, which is at first clear, soon becomes
purulent and peculiarly fetid. Froth appears at the inner
corner of the eyes, the lids swell and become glued together,
the nostrils are closed by the drying of the secreted matter
around them, and the sides of the face swell to a remarkable
degree. There is wheezing, gaping, and shaking of the head,
looseness of the bowels, drooping of the wings, and rapid
emaciation; there is difficulty of breathing, loss of appetite,
and great craving for water.
The immediate seat of roup is certainly the lining mem-
brane of the nasal passages, and the lachrymal duct; but as
the disease advances the mucous membrane of the lungs,
and also that of the digestive organs, become disordered.
Before venturing to propose a remedy for this most fatal
malady, it may be well to saya few words upon the causes
of it. Like catarrh, it is, at first, a disease of the lining
membrane of the nostrils and lachrymal duct, caused by
exposure to cold and moisture. But it is of great import-
ance that it be not confounded in its early stages with
simple catarrh or cold. — .
When catarrh shows itself in fowls that are properly fed
- and kept in clean and dry roosting places, there need be no
fear of its degenerating into roup, if early attention be
given to those simple means of cure that have been already
proposed.
But when it makes its appearance in poultry crowded
together in narrow, unclean, and ill ventilated coops, it
would be a mistake, we venture to presume, to look upon
DISEASES OF THE LUNGS, ETC. 361
it as being indicative of a disease that is merely local; for
the effect of such influences upon the nervous system is to
induce general debility, accompanied, in some cases, by
febrile action of a low typhoid kind.
Treatment.—Fowls thus circumstanced should, on. the
first appearence of the disease, be treated as we have
recommended at page 143 of this work. The thorough
cleansing of the face and nostrils, mornmg and evening,
enables the sufferers to breathe more freely; and the
removal of the fetid matter is of vital importance, for this
morbific secretion being imbibed by the absorbent vessels is
conveyed back into the veins, and thus contaminates the
blood.
Roup is analogous to glanders in horses, and like glanders —
has never yet been thoroughly cured; for though fowls
have, under judicious management, shaken off the symptoms
of this malady, and acquired a perfectly healthy appearance,
they are very liable to its recurrence. Indeed, we imagine
that the seeds of this disease can never be completely rooted
out of the constitution. (See page 144.)
It would be superfluous to recapitulate the method of
treatment that has been found most efficacious in alleviating
the worst features of this disorder 5 nevertheless it may be
proper to say something here of medicaments.
Although the remedy prescribed at page 144 causes an
alleviation of the distressing symptoms of roup, yet we
have never supposed it to be a specific in the treatment of
this disorder, vegetable tonics not being sufficiently energetic,
whilst tonics from the mineral kingdom are frequently ap-
plied with very little or no better success. But this much
is certain, that the treatment should be local and constitutional.
. When the discharge from the nostrils becomes fetid a
solution of chloride of lime will probably be found the most
362 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
efficacious remedy. When the fetor is removed the parts
should be washed with some stimulating lotion—a solution of
nitric acid in the proportion of one part of the acid to eight of
water might be applied with advantage, but, should the fetor
return, recourse should be again had to the chloride of lime.
The Constitutional Treatment.—To alter morbid secretions
and to restore them to a healthy condition, preparations of
mercury, combined with tonics, have been found more effi-
cacious than any other kind of medicine. But, since it
appears to have failed in this disease when given in the form
of calomel, the bi-chloride (corrosive sublimate) might be
used in doses of a tenth of a grain daily. Its effects should
be carefully watched, and if ptyalism occur it should be
immediately discontinued. As a tonic, sulphate of iron will
be found most effective. It may be dissolved in the water
which is provided for the fowl’s ordinary drink, or one
quarter of a grain may be given in a pill two or three times
a day, combined with some aromatic stomachic.
Roup being a highly infectious complaint it is absolutely
necessary to separate fowls affected by it from their com-
panions. ‘They should be kept in a dry, warm, and well
ventilated apartment, while the cure is being attempted.
After all, it is clear that it is only when they are very
valuable such trouble should be taken; and, even then, it
might be wiser to kill them at once, and thus free the
poultry-yard from so contaminating an influence as is ever
presented by the harbouring of roupy fowls.
GAPES.
Symptoms.—The immediate seat of this disorder is in
the windpipe, which causes the fowl or chicken to gape
excessively.
DISEASES OF THE LUNGS, ETC. : 363
This malady, which often causes great mortality in the
poultry-yard, is said to arise from the presence of parasitic
worms in the trachea or windpipe. They are found im-
bedded in mucous, which, being more abundant than natural,
obstructs respiration.
Treatment.—The removal of the offending matter from
the trachea is obviously of the first importance. To accom-
_ plish this a neatly trimmed feather should be passed into
the windpipe, turned round, and then withdrawn. By this
operation the offending matter is, in a great degree, removed.
But it is not likely that this affection can be cured by such
partial means. The internal use of spirits of turpentine is
considered an infallible remedy. Half a teaspoonful of this
spirit, mixed with a handful of grain, is said to have effected
a certain cure inafew days. This quantity, repeated daily,
will be found sufficient for seven or eight chickens.
In the expulsion of worms from the alimentary canal in
man, turpentine has been invariably found to be the most
effectual remedy, and will of course be equally efficacious
when applied to the mucous membrane of birds; but its
power of influencing the windpipe must be less direct.
Nevertheless it is a remedy well worthy of trial.
One grain of calomel, or two or three of Plummer’s pill,
given with a pinch of meal, may be administered; after
which, flour of sulphur and ginger mixed with barley-
meal. It is, perhaps, doubtful whether the pathology of
this disease be understood. Are the objects found embedded
in the mucous of the trachea, worms, or do they consist of
coagulated lymph, resembling what is found in children who
die of croup, or acute inflammation of the windpipe? If
such be the case, preparations of mercury, in conjunction
with aperients, will be found most useful.
FERGUSON ON FOWL.
EEE.
Symptoms.— Thickening of the mucous membrane of the
tongue and palate, which causes difficulty of respiration,
and gasping for breath. The appetite entirely fails, and the
fowl at length dies of wasting fever and starvation.
Treatment.—To remove the excrescence from the tongue
has been the aim of most practitioners, and its removal is
essential. But, since we are persuaded that the thickening
of the lining membrane of the mouth is symptomatic of
a disordered alimentary canal, that alone cannot be
looked upon as an effectual remedy. A teaspoonful
of castor oil should be given, and food of the least
stimulating kind.
Fresh vegetables, mixed with mashed potatoes and a little
oatmeal, will answer the purpose best, together with an
abundance of pure water. Instead of scraping and nipping
the excrescence from the tongue we recommend a little borax,
dissolved in tincture of myrrh and water, to be applied two
or three times a day by means of a camel’s hair pencil.
CONSUMPTION OR PHTHISIS.
Symptoms.— Wasting, cough, and expectoration of puru-
lent matter, are the marks of this disease in its advanced
stage. These are caused by tubercles in the lungs and
other parts of the body which are scrofulous, and, when thus
far advanced, it is incurable; but, at an early period of the
disease cod-liver oil may be used with advantage. This
disease is hereditary; but it is often induced by bad feeding
and confinement in dirty, damp, and dark places.
ASTHMA.
Symptoms.— A. wheezing or rattling sound on inspiration,
with difficulty of breathing.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 865
In asthma the mucous membrane of the trachea is
thickened, and the air cells are sometimes broken. It is
doubtful whether it be curable, although small doses of
ipecacuanha as an expectorant have been found very useful.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
DISTENDED. CROP.
The crop which receives the food as it is swallowed, and
retains it until it is sufficiently softened for the stomach,
sometimes becomes so overloaded as to be incapable of trans-
mitting its contents to that organ.
Treatment.—The extraction of the mass through an
‘incision in the lower part of the crop (which should be im-
mediately after sown up) is a speedy and effectual remedy ;
after which soft food should be administered for a few days.
A desertspoonful of gin has been found very useful; but
if the mass be caused by the accumulation of substances
around some foreign body which the bird has swallowed,
an operation is indispensable.
GASTRITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.
Symptoms.—Gradual pining with a disregard for grain,
and a seeking for soft food are indications of this malady.
In the organ which lies between the crop and the gizzard
is secreted the gastric juice which converts the food into
chyle. Diet that is too stimulating disturbs the healthy
action of the lining membrane of the stomach to such an
extent that it becomes inflamed. The gastric juice is no
longer secreted, and digestion is consequently suspended,
the stomach becomes greatly enlarged, and inflammation
sets in.
Treatment.—Food that is the least stimulating should be
given cooked, and in moderate quantities. Purgative drugs
366 FERGUSON ON FOWL
are inadmissible, but a grain of calomel given as an altera-
tive is sometimes found useful.
DIARRHGA,
Symptoms.—Evacuations more frequent and limpid
than natural.
Treatment.—Dry housing, exercise, and change of diet
will generally effect a cure; but, if it be neglected too
long, the malady may assume the form of dysentery. (See
pages 50 and 145.)
DYSENTERY.
Symptoms.—Purging accompanied by painful straining.
When the motion becomes tinged with blood the appetite
fails, and the bird sinks into a febrile state.
In this disease the mucous membrane of the bowels is in
a highly irritable state, and ultimately becomes inflamed.
Treatment.—First, castor oil should be given to clear the
alimentary canal, but from the excited state of the mucous
membrane two or three drops of laudanum should be added
to the dose. Hydrargyrum cum creta, with rhubarb and
laudanum, has been recommended. A grain of Dover’s
powder, given three times a day, will be found a valuable
remedy.
CONSTIPATION,
Symptoms.—Its name is sufficiently indicative of this
affection.
Treatment.—A. teaspoonful of castor oil, green veget-
ables, and soft food, should be administered.
A fowl in this state should be immediately attended to,
lest the blood, the free circulation of which through the
veins of the intestines is impeded, should be too copiously
ae
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. ~ 367
distributed upon the centres of the nervous system, thereby
causing apoplexy, paralysis, or vertigo, and other distressing
symptoms.
DISEASES OF THE OVARIUM AND EGG
PASSAGE.
The ovary is seldom found diseased, but the oviduct or
egg passage is subject to become inflamed.
Symptoms.— When the egg is layed without the shell it
is certain that the lower part of the egg passage is affected,
because it is there that the shell is secreted; and, when the
naked yoke is dropped, the upper portion of the tube is not
in a healthy condition, because the membrane and white
of the egg are there produced.
Inflammation of the lining membrane of the oviduct is
the cause of these symptoms.
. Treatment.— W hatever tends to lessen inflammatory
action should be resorted to, but it is not necessary to
recapitulate what has been already suggested in other parts:
of this work with respect to the cure of this disease. (See
pages 72, 84, and 311.)
—
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
WHITE SPECKLED COMB.
Symptoms.—Small white spots scattered in patches on
the surface of the comb; and as the disease advances, a
dropping of the feathers. This is undoubtedly a constitu-
tional disorder, and should be treated accordingly. A full
description of it may be seen at pages 59 and 60.
INFLAMMATION OF THE RUMP GLAND.
Symptoms.—Pain and swelling of the part which some-
times involves the entire rump.
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368 FERGUSON ON FOWL
Treatment.—The tumour should be opened with a lancet,
and frequently fomented with warm water. A teaspoonful
of castor oil must be given as an aperient; and oatmeal and
ereen vegetables.should constitute the diet. Care should,
moreover, be taken that the roosting house be clean and
well ventilated.
CORNS.
Symptoms.— Thickening and hardening of the cuticle in
the sole of the foot, which is sometimes ulcerated. Corns
are caused by jumping from high perches or by walking
constantly upon hard stones.
Treatment.—The corn should be extracted, but, when-
ulcerated, the application of a poultice becomes necessary.
(See page 145.)
| VERMIN
Are the torment of poultry; young chickens as well as
adults, if not domiciled in clean roosting houses, become
seriously injured by them. A good supply of fine dry
sand and ashes to roll in will invariably enable poultry to
get rid of these troublesome visitors. But, if from weak-
ness a fowl be unable thus to free himself, he should
be removed from the poultry-yard. Flour of sulphur,
applied between the feathers, has been found a valuable
remedy in severe cases. It may be as well to remark that
these insects make their way to the outer surface of the
feathers after the death of the bird, and may be seen there
in numberless lifeless forms. (See pages 30 and 101.)
MOULTING.
This cannot properly be termed a disease. It consists of
the falling off of old feathers in order to make way for
new; still it may be attended by febrile symptoms. In the
DISEASES OF THE LIMBS, ETC. 369
moulting season fowls should be protected from cold and
moisture, and provided with nutritious food. (See page 82.)
THE HATCHING FEVER.
Though the heat of the body is sometimes many degrees
above the natural standard, yet the absence of a character-
istic symptom of fever, namely—loss of appetite, renders it
doubtful whether this affection should be classed among
febrile diseases. Nevertheless the hen is ina very distressed
condition, and if not allowed the privilege of following her
instinctive desires should be removed from the nest, and
cooped where she cannot form one. (See page 46.)
DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.
CRAMP.
Symptoms.—Contraction of the toes, and disinclination
or inability to move the limbs. Chickens allowed to roam
in damp grass are frequently affected by it; but cramp is
not always a strictly local disorder, it is often the result of
constitutional derangement. ,
Treatment.—They should be kept in a warm and dry
situation, and be well supplied with nutritious food. The
state of the digestive organs should also be attended to.
(Leg weakness, see paralysis and megrims. )
RUPTURE OF THE FOOT.
This affection is fully noticed at pages 64, 65, 66, and 145.
RHEUMATISM.
Symptoms.—Lassitude, and disinclination or inability to
move the limbs. :
Z*
fats tk la nell
ote
PST TRATES “ — —
see ad Se ae da Se oe RRNA ONCE yen RE Sr eee ae pie ote: 2m “a7
— Pe ae we See ee eer i Eee ee
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370 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
Treatment.—Removal to a warm place ; food that is
nourishing but not stimulating; and the administration of
an aperient, seeing fowls often die of rheumatism of the
heart. Dover’s powder or colchicum are found more useful
than any other medicine.
GOUT.
Symptoms.—Swelling of the joints of the feet, attended
by inflammation.
Treatment.—Colchicum is a valuable remedy, but since
gout occurs only in old birds, it is not to be expected that
an effectual cure will be gained by its use.
CANKERED MOUTH.
See page 266.
“MUTILATED GILLS AND COMB.
If the gills or comb of a bird become mutilated from the
effects of an affray, they should be well bathed with warm
salt water or chamberlie, and thus thoroughly cleansed from
every particle of dirt; the bird must also be removed
from his mates until restored, otherwise such parts may
attract their attention. Should air distend the gills the
application of the point of a sharp needle through one side
of them, accompanied by gentle pressure, will effect its
removal. —
BROKEN BEAK.
The upper beak may likewise become broken from a like
cause, rendering the bird unable to collect his food. The
only method of assisting him lies in filing or cutting off the
extreme end of the lower beak with a sharp penknife until
it meets the upper, whilst if the lower be broken, a small
portion of the upper must be removed.
SUMMARY. 371
BROKEN LEGS.
Broken thighs and shanks are not uncommon among
poultry, and it is really astonishing with what rapidity they
become set, and how little they appear to suffer from such
fractures, either in health or appetite. After the bones have
been carefully placed together a flat slip of cane or whale-
bone should be placed each side, and a layer of linen over,
when the whole may be bound round firmly, but not too
tightly, with twine. .
STARVATION.
Wounds, external bruises, and even broken limbs, as
we have stated, if unaccompanied by internal disease, affect
the health of fowls but little, but the results of omission in
exposing them to a lengthened fast involve consequences
of the most serious character, and therefore require the
attention of the exhibitor. (See page 347.)
. SUMMARY.
In thus describing the diseases of poultry we have deemed
it superfluous to enlarge upon many, not on account of their
- unimportance, but because the best means of both curing
and preventing their accession have been already amply
discussed in various parts of this work. Nevertheless, we
have deemed it interesting to dwell at some length upon
roup, not because we entertain sanguine hopes of ever being
able to eradicate the seeds of this fatal and highly infectious
malady, when once they have taken deep root in the con-
stitution, but with the view of giving a correct idea of its
pathology, and of throwing out suggestions as to the medi-
cines which are likely to exercise the most salutary influence
over it. In our notice of gapes we have ventured to hint.
that the objects found in the windpipe were not worms, but
———— —_ See
a UEP ee oe - 7
; SE ea ee 2 SL ene aa Beare
Oe a RY ERT RAMS NE COREE NER Sa Tie
372 FERGUSON ON FOWL.
shreds of coagulated lymph, the result of acute inflamma-
tion of the mucous membrane of that organ. In treating
of apoplexy we have attempted to give a correct account
of the causes, progress, and effects of the disease, in order
that persons having the care of poultry may, by knowing its
history and pathology, learn to ward off the predisposing
causes of it; for, when once its stroke approaches, there is
little hope of averting it.
In conclusion we repeat that, since disease is the result
of a disturbance of the equable circulation of the blood,
whatever tends to preserve its equipoise is conducive to
the maintaining of health. The best preservatives are
wholesome food—fresh water—pure air and exercise—
quietude—roomy _habitations—cleanliness—and freedom
from cold and moisture.
The most careful observance of these preventive measures,
however, will be found comparatively unavailing if we allow
poultry to degenerate through want of attention to the laws
of propagation; but so much has been already said upon
that subject in the course of this work that it is unneces-
sary to dilate upon it here; suffice it, therefore, to say
that the stock should be healthy and its vigour sustained
by admixture—that the healthiest specimens should be
chosen for byeeding—and the number of hens limited
according to the power of the class. (See page 334.)
Should these rules be strictly observed there will be but
little necessity for resorting to remedial measures.
Mertcurm and Burt, Printers, 20 and 55, Parliament Street.
‘
Ir may not be amiss to remark that the origin and history of poultry
are described at the commencement of this volume, whilst the origin of
the respective classes is mentioned with the description of those classes.
For instance, the Polish at page 149, the Bantam’s at 290. In like
manner, in pursuing this work, it became necessary to describe several
other subjects that were more especially connected with certain varieties,
with those varicties.
- Advantages resulting from the im-
provement of poultry, 146
- Algerian silky fowl, 321
American fowls, 333
Ancona fowl (Spanish), 68
Andalusian fowl (Spanish) 69
Animal food, see feeding
Apoplexy, see diseases
Appearances in the ovary of a dis-
sected hen, 205
Artificial incubation, 343
Asthma, 364
Bantams—their origin, 290; history,
291; characteristics, 295; disposi- |
tion, 297; productive powers, 297 ;
as incubators and mothers, 298;
varieties, 298; collateral or cross-
breeds, 306; breeding stock, 309;
origin of the SebrightBantam,309 ;
evil effects of breeding in and in,
311; cause of unprolific eggs, 311;
proposed medium by which the
breed may besustained, 313; Ban-
tam chicks, 314; appearances of
the different varieties when first
excluded, 314; as fancy birds, 315
Barn-door fowl, 328
Barrenness, cause of, 317
Beauty, or choice qualities depend-
ant upon elegance or extended
peculiarity, 162
Bolton bays and greys (Ham-
burghs), 275
Brahmapootra fowl, see Mayshang-
dork
Brazilian fowl, 330
Breda fowl, 331
Breeding stock, see generation
Breeding in and in, evil effects of,
106 and 142
Broken beak, see diseases of the
limbs, &c.
Bronchitis, 359
Bruges fowl, 331
Caponizing, 349
Catarrh, 359
Ceylon fowls, 333
Chickens, see rearing chicks
Chinese or Tartarian Bantam, 306
Chittagong fowl, see Malay-dork
Chitteprat (Hamburgh), 275
_ Climatic influences, effects of, upon
the plumage, 158, 320, and 324;
upon the constitution, 313
Cochin China, see Shanghae
Columbian fowl], 215
INDEX.
Comb, white speckled, mutilated
comb and gills, see diseases
Combat between a hen anda cat,118
Constipation, 275
Consumption or phthisis, 364.
Coops for chickens, 123 and 125;
for fattening, 137
Copper-moss (Hamburgh), 275
Corals (Hamburgh), 275
Corns, see diseases
Cost for keeping Shanghae,
Spanish, Dorking, and Polish
fowls, 38 to 44, 73 to 74
Cramming, 138
Cramp, 369
Creeper or Jumper fowls, 306
Creole or Creel (Hamburgh), 275
Creve-ceur fowl, 331
Crop, distension of, 364
Cross-breeding, 106
Crow, variations of, in different
classes, 153, 187, 231, and 272
Crowing hens, 232
Cuckoo fowl, see Dorking varieties
Curvature of the tail, see diseases
Degeneracy, 310
Diarrhea, see diseases
Digestive organs, 348; disease of,
see diseases
Diseases of the brain and nervous
system.—Apoplexy, 356; para-
lysis, 357; vertigo or megrims
or giddiness,357 ;lateral curvature
of the tail, 359
Diseases of the lungs and air pas-
sages.—Catarrh, 359; bronchitis,
359; roup, 359; gapes, 362; pip,
363; consumption or phthisis,364;
asthma, 364
Diseases of the digestive organs.—
Distended crop, 364; gastritis
or inflammation of the stomach,
365; diarrhea, 365; dysentery,
366; constipation, 366
Diseases of the ovarium and egg
passage.—Inflammation of the
egg passage, 366; oon or soft
eggs, 367
Diseases. of the skin,— White
speckled comb, 367; inflamma-
tion of the rump gland, 3867;
corns, 367; vermin, 368; moult-
ing, 368; hatching fever, 368
Diseases of the limbs, fractures, &c.
—Cramp, 369; rupture of the
foot, 369; rheumatism, 369; gout,
369; cankered mouth, 370; muti-
lated gills and comb, 370; broken
beak, 370; broken legs, 370;
starvation, 370
Dorking fowl—history, 85; obser-
vations on the extra claw, 88;
disposition, 88; characteristics,
89; varieties, 91; remarks to
novices, 96; house and yard, 97;
general management, 101; as
layers, 103; cost of keep com-
pared with the Shanghae, &c.,
38 to 44, 73 and 74; manage-
ment of breeding stock, 104;
Dorkings as incubators and mo-
thers, 108; appearance of chicks
when first hatched, 112; hatch-
ing and rearing, 112; as dead
stock, 136; fattening, 1386; con-
stitution, 138; diseases, 144
Duelling, evil effects of, on laying
hens, 84
Duke of Leed’s fowl or Shakebag,
256
Dumpies or Scotch bakies, origin
and characteristics, 307
Dunghill fowls, 328
Dutch Every-day-layers
burghs), 275
Dysentery, 366
Egg eaters, to cure, 839
Eggs—supposed indications of sex,
44; shelless eges, 72*, 84, 311;
unprolific eggs, 317; structure of,
335; double yolked and malformed
eggs, 319 and 837; methods of
preservation, 337; best method
of packing, 338; to distinguish
fresh from such as are stale, 338;
duration of vitality and selection
for incubation, 338; importations,
852; importance of the egg trade,
352
Emu or Silky Shanghae, 320
Expenses and returns, 38 to 44 and
55, 73 to 74 and 351
Experiments with Pheasants, 200
to 207
Explanation of terms applied to
the characteristics of poultry, 10
Fasting.—-To avoid the evil conse-
quences of fasting, 347 and 348
Fattening, 136; fat injurious to
laying hens, 31
Feeding, a system of, 101; import-
ance of change of diet, 103;
(Ham-
INDEX. 3.
feeding chicks, 112; descriptions
of food, 345; comparative utility
as flesh forming substances, 345
and 346; evils of feeding boxes,
347; injurious qualities of greaves
and flesh as regular food, 347;
fasting, 348; comparative cost of
keeping Shanghae,Spanish, Dork-
ing, and Polish fowls, 38 to 44,
73 and 74 i
Feet, diseases of the, see diseases
Four-legged chicken, 318
Fowls recently imported, 330
Fractures, see diseases of the limbs
Frizzled or Friesland fowl, origin,
860;,323
Game fowls—their origin, 219 (see
also page 206); history, 221;
supposed origin of cock-fighting,°*
222; its rise and fall in Great
Britain, 223; characteristics of
excellence of the entire class, 228;
peculiarity of crow, 232; crowing
hens, 232; disposition, 233; con-
stitution, 233; as consumers, 234;
ege producers, 234; incubators
and mothers, 235; quality of flesh,
236; general feather, 236; colour,
238; varieties, 238; their undying
valour, 257; exceptional cases,
257; selection of stock for high
breeding, 257; appearances of the
different varieties of Game chicks
when first excluded, 259; feeding
and rearing, 261; private marks,
262; trimming comb or dubbing,
262; walking young cocks, 263;
as fancy or farm stock, 264;
animal creation versus vegetable,
265; maladies, 266.
Gapes, 362 :
Gastritis or inflammation of the
stomach, 365
General management of poultry,101
Generation.—Age of puberty, 130;
stimulating influences of domes-
tication upon the generative
organs, 131; the age when fowls
become valueless as propagating
stock, 258; selection and manage-
ment of breeding stock, 258; lon-
gevity of poultry, 234; evil effects
. of overrating the productive pow~
ers of the male,284; proportionate
number of hens to one male,
334; effects of the absence of the
male from the ltens, 334; power
and duration of impregnation,
334 and 335; on the generative
organs, 316; structure of eggs
and ovarium, 335; diseases of the
ovarium, see diseases; causes of
degeneracy, 310 and 311; revert-
ing influences, 310; effects of cli-
matic influences upon the system,
313; barrenness, 316; benefits of
admixture, 317; cross breeding,
106; hatching process, see zncu~-
bation
Giddiness, see vertigo or megrims
Gizzard, see organs of digestion
Gout, 369
Grain --Comparative intrinsic value
of divers grain as food for poultry,
345
Grouse-footed Poland, seePtarmigan
Hamburghs—their history, 267;
characteristics of excellence, 271;
constitution, 273; as consumers
and egg producers, 273; incu-
bators, 274; as dead stock, 274;
varieties, 275; breeding stock,
283; hatching and rearing chicks,
286; appearance of the different
varieties when first excluded, 287 ;
as farm stock, 288; diseases, 289
Hatching, see incubation =
Hennies or Hencocks (Game), 254
Hybreds (Pheasant and fowl) des-
cription, 209
- Importance of establishing the re-
cognised names of fowls, 268
Incubation._-Means of retarding
incubative desires, its natural
causes and symptoms, 46; best
' method of removing the hen toa
strange nest, 45; formation and
position of nest, 48; evil effects
of supplying too many eggs, 109;
description of hens best adapted
for sitting, 176; selection of eggs,
44 and 110; supposed indication
of sex, 111; causes of the absence
of instinctive desire, 79 and 174
Incubation, 339; gradual process of,
340; evil effects of disturbing the
hen, 342; duration of the hen’s
daily absence from the nest, 340;
the liberation of the chick, 342
Incubation, artificial, 343
Indian Game fowls, 254
Inflammation, see diseases
Jerusalem fowl, 330
Jumper or Creeper, 306
Kaffir fowl (Silky), 322
Kent or Old Sussex fowl (Dorking),
25.
Killing, when best adapted for, 107
and 137
Layers.—The Shanghae as com-
pared with the Spanish, Dorking,
_ and Polish fowl, 38 to 44, 73 and
74
Lark-crested fowl, 154
Legs, diseases of, see diseases
Lice in poultry, see diseases
Longevity of fowls, 334
Malabar fowl, 332
Malay—history, 181; characteris-
tics, 183; constitution, 187; as
consumers and quality of flesh,
188; as layers, 189; incubators,
190; varieties, 191
Malay-dork or Chittagong fowl—
origin and description, 210
Malformations, 316; causes of the
hen assuming the plumage of the
male, 317; description of a four-
legged and four-winged chicken,
318; the produce of double-yolked
eggs, 319; double chicks, 319;
doubly-spurred fowls, 319; an in-
stance, 87; crooked beaks, twisted
crops, curvature of the spine,
crooked breast bones, lateral cur-
vature of the tail, 319
Maux (Spanish), 69*
Mayshang-dork fowl, 212
Megrims or vertigo, 357
Minorcas (Spanish), 69
Monogamy, 383; evil effects of over-
rating the productive powers of
the male, 284
Moonies (Hamburghs), 275
Moulting—peculiar changes of plu-
mage, 82 and 317
Muffs (a variety of Game fowls),
Zoo
Narrowers (Hamburghs), 275
Negrd fowl (Silky), 322
Nest, for laying, see general manage-
ment; for sitting, see incubation
Nest eggs, most suitable substance
for, 100
Nomenclature, 136
Normandy fowl, 330
Old Sussex or Kent fowl (Dorking),
95
|
Organs of digestion, 348
Origin of domestic poultry, 1, 167,
191, 290, see also preface
Ovarium, structure of, 335, diseases
of, see diseases
Paduan fowls (Modern), 332
Paralysis, see diseases
Pedigree, importance of, in high
breeding, 75
Persian, see Silky fowls
Pheasant fowls (Hamburghs), 275
Pheasant-spangled Malay—origin,
206; characteristics, 207; flesh,
&c., 209; experiments with Phea-
sants, 199 to 207
Pip, 363
Plumage, instance of a hen assum-
ing the male’s, 317
Poultry-house and yard, 28 and
97; compartments for hen and
chickens, 127; exhibition pens, 141
Poultry societies, 57 and 353
Polish fowl—history, 148; charac-
teristics, 151; varieties, 154; the
Polish beard, 162; breeding stock,
170; as layers, 38 to 44, and 78
to 74, and 173; as ineubators,
174; hatching and rearing chicks,
176; appearance of the different
varieties when first excluded, 176;
as dead stock, 178; constitution,
178; diseases, 179; partial loss of
crest, 180
Preservation and packing of eggs,
337
Primary originals, see preface
Primitive character of several
classes, 167, 191, 290
Prince Albert’s breed (Hamburghs),
275
Ptarmigan or Grouse-footed Poland
fowl, 332
Phthisis or consumption, 364
Rearing chickens, evil effects of
handling, 113; improper applica-
tion of force balls, 118; divers
food for newly excluded chicks,
119; importance of amusement,
121; benefits derivable from out-
door exercise, 121 and 128; evil
effects of damp, 125; coops, 123
and 125; ailments with restora-
tives, 133; means of distinguish-
ing the sex of young birds, 185
and 177; for the management of
Game chicks, see Game fowls
INDEX. 5
Red caps (Hamburghs), 275
Rheumatism, 369 :
Roup, sce diseases
Rump gland, inflammation of, sce
diseases —
Rumpkin or Tail-less fowl—origin,
_ 825; varieties, 326 .
Russian or Siberian Bantam, 306
Scotch Bakies, see Dumpies
Sebright Bantam, see Bantams
Selection of stock, see generation
Selection of eggs for hatching, sce eggs
Sex of embryo, supposed indications
of, see eggs
Shakebags or Duke of Leed’s fowl,
256
Shanghae or Cochin China Fowl-—
story, 7; characteristics, 10;
comparative value of attributes,
16; varieties, 18 ; disposition, 26 ;
house and yard, 28 ; as consumers,
31; high breeding, 32; as layers,
34; monstrous laying, 36; Shan-
ghaes as layers compared with
the Spanish, Dorking, and Polish,
with cost for keep and produce
.of the same, 38 to 44, and 73 to
74%, Shanghaes as incubators and
mothers, 45; appearance of chicks
when first excluded, 49; size when
full grown, 54 ; as dead stock, 55;
constitution, 56; diseases, 58;
cross breeding, 107
Siberian, see Russian Bantam
Silky or Persian fowls—origin, 320;
Silky Shanghae, 20; Algerian
Silky fowl, 321; Spanish Siky,
321; Silky Bantams, 321; Negroes
and Kaffirs, 322
Silver-moss, (Hamburghs) 275
~
Sitting, see incubation
Spanish—history, 66; varieties, Gf 5:
characteristics of excellence, 70;
constitution, 71; disposition, as
producers, 72 to 74%; injurious
effects of ‘excessive precocious-
ness, 72; removal of disease from
ovarium, 72”, 83, and 84 ; managé-
ment of breeding. stock, 74*;
quality of flesh, 74*; cross-breed-
ing, 76; as incubators, 79; Spanish
chicks, 80 ; appearances when first
excluded, 80 ; diseases, 82
Starvation, to avoid the evil effects
of, 347
Statistical account—exhibiting the ©
importance of the egg trade, 352,
and 352
Soft eggs, see eggs ;
Structure of eggs and ovarium, 335
Tabular forms showing the com-
parative cost of keep and produce
of seven Shanghae, seven Spanish
seven Dorking, and seven Polish
fowls during two years, 38 to 44,
and 73 to 74
Tail, curvature of see diecases
Tail-less fowl, see Rumpkin
Tartarian, see Chinese Bantam
Tassal (a variety of Game fowl),
255
Toes, diseases of the, sce diseases
Turkey Bantam, 307
Unprolific eggs, sce eggs
Vermin, to destroy, sce diseases of
the skin
Vertigo or megrims, 357
Water—great importance of a
wholesome supply, 102
White speckled comb, see diseases
COLORED LITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS.
See--Descriptive Index for the Variety Required,
WOOD ENGRAVINGS,
Diagram of the Shaghae fowl, with —
figures representing the technical
terms applied to the various
characteristics, 10 ’
Shanghae’s egg, fac-simile of the, 34
Spanish do., do., 72%
Dorking do., do., 104
Moveable crop for chikens, 123
Weather do. do,, 125
‘Water pan for chickens, 125
Poultry establishment for breeding ;
ground plan of including com-
partments for hen and chicks, 128
Exhibition pens, 141 ;
Polish egg, fac-simile of, 173
Malay do. do., 190
Game fowl’s egg, fac-simile of, 235
Hamburgh’s do., do., 278
Silver-pencilled Hamburgh feather,
fac-simile of, 282
Silver-spangled Hamburgh feather,
fac-simile, of 282
Bantam’s egg, fac-simile of, 297
Dumpies, cock and hen, 307
Portrait of a four-legged and four-
winged chicken, 318
Silky fowls, cock and hen, 321
Friesland do., do. 823
Rumpkins, do., “325
Egg cluster or ovarium, 336
Chicken, position of, previous to
exclusion, 342
Chicken gradually
release, 342
A diseased fowl, portrait of, 354
effecting its
Fe
ERRATA.
At page 3, line 22; for “In the forests of Guinea fowls have” read “In
the forests of Guinea, fowls have”
At page 284, line 4; for “cum multis allus” read “cum multis aliis”
. At pages 304 and 305; for “ Golden and Silver-pencilled Bantams” read
| “ Golden and Silver-laced Bantams.”
At page 826, line 26; for “the purest antag next to the black” read
“the purest variety and nevt the black.”
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